Abstract
Objective: The association of socioeconomic status with health is well-established. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms linking socioeconomic status to adverse health outcomes have yet to be established. We hypothesized that poor posture- as a risk factor in general health- would be directly related to socioeconomic status and, as such, eventually influence health. Materials and Methods: With cross-sectional design, in representative clustered sample of 100 children aged 7-11, kyphosis, lordosis, head and shoulder posture were examined. Socioeconomic status data was collected from parents. Logistic regression models were used in analysis by SPSS version 18 (α=0.05). Results: Poor posture was seen in 68% of the children. Lower posture scores were recorded in children with poorer socioeconomic status (p<0.01; β=0.769). In logistic regression (p<0.05), only 3 out of 5 estimates (Household income: β=0.244; Mother’s education: β=0.449; Father’s education: β=0.279) were statistically significant, while there was no association between the social class of parents and children’s posture. Conclusion: The observed association of socioeconomic status with children’s posture is probably the consequence of the perception that people with higher socioeconomic status have better nutritional conditions, and are more likely to be engaged in regular physical activities. The positive influence of sports has been more frequently reported by higher educated parents, and they are more likely to encourage their children to participate in physical activities. Moreover, the better posture which has been observed in children with higher socioeconomic status, might be caused by more postural education they receive from their highly educated parents.
Highlights
Chronic disease is a significant burden to the society with an estimated minimum of one quarter of the population of the United States having at least one chronic illness, collectively accounting for 75% of US health care expenditures and ischemic heart disease contributes higher per capita and national costs among them [1, 2].Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the principal illness of the heart disease
The clinical spectrum of CHD comprises of stable and unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which are further sub classified into Q-wave myocardial infarction (QWMI) and Non Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQWMI) depending on the size or extent of underlying MI [3] and has prognostic implications in the management of MI. [4,5,6] Prior to the stent era, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of QWMI and increase in NQWMI [7] and as management of MI has evolved over time with the introduction of bare metallic stents and drug eluting stents had shown promising outcomes over coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
The hospitalization rate of QWMI decreased by 50% in younger age groups and by 80% in older age groups while NQWMI hospitalization rate increased by 2 times in younger age group 55-74 years, ≥85 years and by 2.4 times in 35-54 and 75-84 year age groups (Table 1)
Summary
Chronic disease is a significant burden to the society with an estimated minimum of one quarter of the population of the United States having at least one chronic illness, collectively accounting for 75% of US health care expenditures and ischemic heart disease contributes higher per capita and national costs among them [1, 2].Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the principal illness of the heart disease. In contrast the long term outcomes for reinfarction are higher for NQWMI while mortality is same as QWMI. This discrepancy in the outcomes is related to jeopardized heart muscle in NQWMI and with the increasing incidence is a matter of great concern [4]. Objective: To document secular changes in proportion of Qwave myocardial infarction (QWMI) and NQWMI hospitalizations from 1990-2006 and its correlation with changes in demographics and co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and shock, cardiac interventions like PCI and CABG and to investigate change in risk of QWMI and NQWMI death rates from 1990 to 2006. Conclusions: The increasing trends of NQWMI is in concurrence with increasing trends of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the population, changes in the diagnostic criteria of AMI and evolution of new treatment patterns of PCI
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