Secular Trends in Energy and Macronutrient Intakes and Distribution among Adult Females (1991-2015): Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Jian Zhao,Zhihong Wang,Bing Zhang,Yun Wang,Chang Su,Huijun Wang

doi:10.3390/nu10020115

Abstract

With rapid nutrition transition in China, dietary intake and nutritional status of women has gained more and more attention in the past decades. This study aimed to investigate temporal trends of total energy and macronutrient intakes among Chinese adult females. The longitudinal data are from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 1991–2015). Information on the intake of energy and macronutrient was obtained from consecutive three-day dietary recall techniques and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Mixed-effect models were performed to evaluate temporal trends of total energy and macronutrient intake. From 1991 to 2015, a significant reduction in daily energy, protein and carbohydrate intakes was seen among all adult females (p < 0.001). Daily fat intake, the proportion of energy from fat, the proportion of females consuming more than 30% of energy from fat and less than 50% of energy from carbohydrate were observed significant increment in the present study (p < 0.001). In 2015, the proportion met the DRI for energy and protein intakes were 47.0% and 48.0%, respectively; the proportion with lower carbohydrate and higher fat intakes compare with the DRI were 45.5% and 66.9%, respectively. Further nutritional education and policy interventions still needed to improve nutrition status for Chinese females.

Highlights

Over the past two decades, China has been undergoing remarkable nutrition transition and concurrent shifts in disease patterns with rapid economic growth [1,2,3,4]
Survey (1991–2015, China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)), the objective of this study was to analyze the trends in daily energy and macronutrient intakes among Chinese females and to investigate whether the macronutrient intake levels met the dietary reference intakes (DRI) [31]
0.001), which indicated that rapid economic growth and than primary school and living in urban areas became more prevalent over time of the total female dramatic urbanity have occurred in the past years in

Summary

Introduction

Over the past two decades, China has been undergoing remarkable nutrition transition and concurrent shifts in disease patterns with rapid economic growth [1,2,3,4]. As the biggest developing country, about 49% of China’s population is female. The impact of nutrition intake on their health is much higher [10]. It has been reported in developing countries, women have higher rates of overweight and obesity and this relationship persists over time [11]. According to the Chinese chronic disease surveillance, the prevalence of overweight and obesity of adult females were rising rapidly in recent years and up to 29.9% and 11.9%, respectively. It is meaningful to assess the dietary intake of Chinese females and compare it to the participants of the same age group in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). With repeated measurements over time it is possible to detect temporal changes in dietary intake

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion