Abstract
The laws governing French venality were deeply marked by the ways of the Church. This did not prevent the clergy, through their representatives in successive Estates-General, from taking a lead throughout the 16th century in denouncing the seemingly inexorable spread of the practice. Among the most vocal of their spokesmen in the Estates-General of 1614, the last to convene before the Revolution, was Richelieu; and in the early years of his ministry a decade later this prince of the Church advised Louis XIII to undertake the entire abolition of the sale and heredity of offices. By the time he died, however, the cardinal had concluded that any such attempt would be difficult, if not positively dangerous.
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