Abstract
Papillomaviruses cause warts of the skin, anogenital mucosa, and bronchial mucosa, and also pre-neoplastic lesions of the cervical and vulval mucosae, which in a proportion of women progress to invasive carcinomata. Papillomaviruses cannot be propagated in vitro, which has hindered the development of prophylactic vaccines, but recent production of synthetic virus like particles (VLPs) in vitro using recombinant DNA technology has resulted in vaccines which prevent papillomavirus infection in animal models, and has given rise to commercial interest in human prophylactic vaccines. Papillomavirus proteins are generally poorly presented to the immune system in the course of natural infection and, therefore, therapeutic immunity may be produced by appropriate choice of viral protein and delivery system. Immunotherapy for PV associated cancer is targeted at two non-structural PV proteins expressed in cancer cells (E6 and E7), which have been shown to be effective targets for immunotherapy in experimental tumour...
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