Abstract
A kidney has the ability to regenerate itself after a variety of renal injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate tissue damages during renal injuries and diseases. The regenerations induced by MSCs are primarily mediated by the paracrine release of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles. Extracellular vesicles contain proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs that are transferred into recipient cells to induce several repair signaling pathways. Over the past few decades, many studies identified trophic factors from MSCs, which attenuate renal injury in a variety of animal acute kidney injury models, including renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and drug-induced renal injury, using microarray and proteomic analysis. Nevertheless, these studies have revealed the heterogeneity of trophic factors from MSCs that depend on the cell origins and different stimuli including hypoxia, inflammatory stimuli, and aging. In this review article, we summarize the secretomes and regenerative mechanisms induced by MSCs and highlight the possible heterogeneity of trophic factors from different types of MSC and different circumstances for renal regeneration.
Highlights
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide healthcare problem associated with higher risks of mortality and increased length of hospitalization as well as the risk of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure [1, 2]
We summarize the current evidence about the secretomes from Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the therapeutic mechanisms against AKI
extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the sources for cellcell communications, which might be transferred into recipient cells with lower concentration of the factors
Summary
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide healthcare problem associated with higher risks of mortality and increased length of hospitalization as well as the risk of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure [1, 2]. Over the past few decades, mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based therapy represents the remarkable strategy to reconstitute the renal tubular formations and attenuate renal function after AKI. Recent reports suggest that the therapeutic activity of MSCs is mainly mediated by the paracrine effect of secretomes. In the past few decades, many studies have identified these secretomes from MSCs and revealed the therapeutic mechanisms associated with cell proliferation, autophagy, cell apoptosis, tissue fibrosis, and inflammation. Recent reports imply the heterogeneity of secretomes of MSCs isolated from different origins. Stem Cells International reports have revealed that different kinds of stimuli affect the secretomes from MSCs. Stem Cells International reports have revealed that different kinds of stimuli affect the secretomes from MSCs These differences might result in the different outcomes induced by the treatment with MSCs. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge about secretomes from MSCs and the therapeutic effects on renal injury and discuss about the possible heterogeneity caused by the differences of cell origins and stimuli
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