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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic levels and is becoming a serious health problem in developed and developing countries. Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of comorbidities that include type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. The recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ capable of secreting adipokines that influence whole-body energy homeostasis was a breakthrough leading to a better molecular understanding of obesity. Of the adipokines known to be involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, very few are considered central regulators of insulin sensitivity, metabolism and energy homeostasis, and the discovery and characterization of new adipocyte-derived factors are still ongoing. Proteomics techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, have proven to be useful tools for analyzing the secretory function of adipose tissue (the secretome), providing insights into molecular events that influence body weight. Apart from the identification of novel proteins, the considerable advantage of this approach is the ability to detect post-translational modifications that cannot be predicted in genomic studies. In this review, we summarize recent efforts to identify novel bioactive secretory factors through proteomics.
Highlights
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions with dramatic consequences for public health [1]
Fat tissue is divided into subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and other depots like mediastinic, perirenal, perigonadal, mesenteric, bone marrow and retroperitoneal, which differ in function and structure [4]
Regardless of their origin, fatty acids need to be transported into cells and, despite the observation of free fatty acids (FFA) transport by a flip-flop mechanism in adipocytes, most of the released FFAs are transported by membrane proteins
Summary
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions with dramatic consequences for public health [1]. By binding to TAG-rich lipoproteins, the VLDL receptor moves them in the proximity of LPL Regardless of their origin, fatty acids need to be transported into cells and, despite the observation of FFA transport by a flip-flop mechanism in adipocytes, most of the released FFAs are transported by membrane proteins. It has been described that changes in these complex protein signatures play a key role in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases [13] Some of these proteins are inflammatory mediators thought to promote adipose tissue insulin resistance [14]. Of the body’s fat reservoirs, visceral fat is thought to be primarily responsible for metabolic disturbances in obesity [16] This may be related to differences in adipokine secretion among adipose tissue depots [17]. The review aims to describe our current understanding of the human adipose tissue secretome, based on the results of proteomic studies, and attempts an explanation of the role of secreted proteins in adipose tissue in normal and pathological states
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