Abstract
Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, develop when the immune system is hypersensitized by specific allergens. Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), also known histaminereleasing factor (HRF) because of its cytokine-like activity, mediates late phase reaction leading to allergy and chronic inflammatory diseases in the human. TCTP exhibits HRF activity, when it is released from the cells and becomes dimerized under the inflammatory conditions. It has been shown that TCTP is secreted from cells by a TSAP6-mediated, exosomal route, and exported by H,K-ATPase-mediated process. TCTP is released from various parasitic organisms during parasitic infections. Secreted TCTP is implicated in allergic immune responses to parasites, in the pathogenesis of parasitic infections and also in the evasion of host’s immune activity for parasite survival. This review, briefly collates the current information on the secretion of TCTP/HRF by parasitic species and the biological and clinical implications of such release in parasitic diseases such as malaria.
Highlights
Controlled tumor protein (TCTP), found both intracellular and extracellular milieu of cells, is expressed in most of organisms, including plants, animals and humans in which it is highly conserved
Since the identification of Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) as a histamine releasing factor (HRF) [6], a great body of evidence has accumulated on the involvement of TCTP/HRF in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases [7,8,9,10,11]
Once secreted and activated TCTP/HRF on binding with its receptor, TCTP triggers the release of histamine [6], IL-4, and IL13 from basophils [14], IL-8 from eosinophils [15], and IL-8 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from human bronchial epithelial cells [16], and promotes the B cell growth [17]
Summary
Controlled tumor protein (TCTP), found both intracellular and extracellular milieu of cells, is expressed in most of organisms, including plants, animals and humans in which it is highly conserved (reviewed in [1]). Once secreted and activated TCTP/HRF on binding with its receptor, TCTP triggers the release of histamine [6], IL-4, and IL13 from basophils [14], IL-8 from eosinophils [15], and IL-8 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from human bronchial epithelial cells [16], and promotes the B cell growth [17]. We suggested that TCTP secretion via H,K-ATPase is achieved through direct or indirect regulation of exosomal exit, endocytosis, and intracellular calcium contents. The reported ability of hydrogen peroxide to induce the secretion of TCTP by human bronchial epithelial cells supports the speculation that oxidative environments produced by allergic phenomena provoke the release of TCTP to mediate the allergic responses in airway inflammation [16]
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