Abstract

Bacteriodes fragilis and polysaccharide A capsular antigen (PSA) produced by this commensal bacteria can mediate immune tolerance in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When looking for naturally secreted forms of PSA, Shen etal. (2012) suprisingly found that PSA is packaged in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), bacterial blebs with a disreputable past.

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