Abstract
Sponges are prolific sources of various natural products that have provided the chemical scaffolds for new drugs. The sponges of the genus Petrosia inhabit various regions and contain a variety of biologically active natural products such as polyacetylenes, sterols, meroterpenoids, and alkaloids. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the chemical structures and biological activities of Petrosia metabolites covering a period of more than four decades (between 1978 and 2020). It is also described in this review that the major groups of metabolites from members of the genus Petrosia differed with latitude. The polyacetylenes were identified to be the most predominant metabolites in Petrosia sponges in temperate regions, while tropical Petrosia species were sources of a greater variety of metabolites, such as meroterpenoids, sterols, polyacetylenes, and alkaloids.
Highlights
The oceans represent the largest habitat on earth and contain organisms with high biological and chemical diversity
Polyacetylenes were the most frequently found in Petrosia sponges inhabiting temperate regions
More than 100 polyacetylenes have been isolated from temperate Petrosia sponges, and 44 polyacetylenes were reported as the metabolites of tropical Petrosia sponges
Summary
The oceans represent the largest habitat on earth and contain organisms with high biological and chemical diversity. Several statistical studies on marine natural products have revealed that sponges are outstanding in number of isolated biologically-active compounds. Of the 38 publications regarding the secondary metabolites from temperate Petrosia sponges, 31 reported the isolation of polyacetylenes. Polyacetylene carboxylic acids are another group of compounds isolated from Japanese Petrosia sponges. Collected along offshore from Keomun Island, South Sea of Korea [46,47] The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR experiments, including COSY, HETCOR, HMQC, HMBC, and TOCSY, and the stereochemistry was revealed by a modified Mosher’s method. Additional petrocortynes (71–77) and petrotetrayndiol derivatives (78–83) were isolated and reported by another research group [50,51] Most of these compounds showed high cytotoxicity against several human solid tumor cell lines. This is reminiscent of petroformynes (23, 24) and petroformynic acid (25), which were isolated from Mediterranean P. ficiformis
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