Abstract
This paper demonstrates the applicability of the simple smoke injection method for visualization of secondary flow phenomena caused by such body forces as centrifugal and Coriolis forces in curved pipes and rotating channels. Examples are shown for the following secondary flow phenomena: (1) laminar entry flow in a curved pipe, (2) flow in a 180-degree sharp turn of square duct, (3) instability phenomena in a curved rectangular channel with aspect ratio 10, (4) relaminarization in a helical pipe, and (5) pitch effect on secondary flow in helical pipes. The unsteady nature of the secondary flow phenomena caused by such body forces as buoyancy, centrifugal and Coriolis forces at a higher physical parameter is revealed by flow visualization. The applicability of the smoke injection method in understanding many practical internal flow phenomena up to Reynolds number Re ≃ 5,000 is emphasized.
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