Abstract
Cheonggukjang and chaga mushrooms have numerous health benefits, and have been used in alternative medicine. Therefore, a powder mixture of 98: Cheonggukjang and 2: Chaga extracts was fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3925 (FCC) and its anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were determined. Five-week-old male ICR mice were fed a normal diet or HFD in the presence or absence of 3% and 5% FCC by weight (n = 10 per group). After 12 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the serum and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Body weight and epididymal fat pad weight were significantly lowered in the 3% and 5% FCC groups compared with those in the HFD control group (p < 0.01). FCC supplementation suppressed serum triglyceride and increased serum HDL-C levels (p < 0.01). Serum GOT, GPT, and leptin levels, hepatic COX-2 mRNA expression, and splenic COX-2 and IL-4 mRNA expression were significantly higher in the HFD groups than in the control group (p > 0.05); however, except for splenic IL-4 levels, the increases were significantly attenuated by FCC supplementation. Expression of ICAM-1, an aortic inflammatory marker, was significantly increased in the HFD group; this effect was suppressed in the 3% FCC group (p < 0.01) but not in the 5% FCC group. FCC suppressed the body weight and epididymal fat pad weight gain, as well as inflammatory responses in the liver and spleen of HFD-fed mice. Thus, FCC supplementation will be beneficial for the treatment of obesity-related effects.
Highlights
Overweight and obesity are characterized by a proinflammatory state associated with excessive fat mass and elevated blood lipid profiles [1]
ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet; fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3925 (FCC); secondary extract of the mixture of Cheonggukjang and Chaga mushroom extract fermented by L. acidophilus KCTC 3925; SV, simvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight)
ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet; FCC; secondary extract of the mixture of Cheonggukjang and Chaga mushroom extract fermented by L. acidophilus KCTC 3925; SV, simvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight); LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), high-density lipoproteincholesterol; GOT, aspartate aminotransferase; GPT, alanine aminotransferase
Summary
Overweight and obesity are characterized by a proinflammatory state associated with excessive fat mass and elevated blood lipid profiles [1]. Obesity plays a role in the increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, degenerative disorders (including dementia), airway disease, and some cancers [2,3,4]. In addition to body weight gain due to energy imbalance, the upregulation of various proinflammatory molecules including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL-4), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is associated with chronic inflammation in obesity [3, 5]. Though drug therapy can be used for weight loss, no such therapy cures obesity, and weight typically increases shortly after the cessation of drug therapy [7]. There is an imperative need for preventative and therapeutic strategies [7]
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