Abstract
Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes are listed in the order of the invention time with a special focus on the most recent atomic-layer-deposition synthesized transmission dynodes. Based on the knowledge gained from the survey of secondary election emission materials with high secondary electron yield, an outlook of possible improvements upon the state-of-the-art transmission dynodes is provided.
Highlights
Secondary emission in physics is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles
Many insulating materials [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] were found to have high secondary electron yield (SEY) and were successfully employed in commercial PMs based on a reflection configuration (Section 4.1)
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) techniques have been very recently used in fabricating Secondary Electron Emission (SEE) materials, such as Al2 O3 and magnesium oxide (MgO)
Summary
Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands Center for Computational Energy Research, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Eindhoven 5600 HH, The Netherlands Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2600 AA, The Netherlands; National Institute for Subatomic Physics (Nikhef), Science Park 105, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
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