Abstract
Abstract. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the dominant biogenic sulfur compound in the ambient marine atmosphere. Low-volatility acids from DMS oxidation promote the formation and growth of sulfur aerosols and ultimately alter cloud properties and Earth's climate. We studied the OH-initiated oxidation of DMS in the Aarhus University Research on Aerosol (AURA) smog chamber and the marine boundary layer (MBL) with the aerosol dynamics and gas- and particle-phase chemistry kinetic multilayer model ADCHAM. Our work involved the development of a revised and comprehensive multiphase DMS oxidation mechanism, capable of both reproducing smog chamber and atmospheric relevant conditions. The secondary aerosol mass yield in the AURA chamber was found to have a strong dependence on the reaction of methyl sulfinic acid (MSIA) and OH, causing a 82.8 % increase in the total PM at low relative humidity (RH), while the autoxidation of the intermediate radical CH3SCH2OO forming hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) proved important at high temperature and RH, decreasing the total PM by 55.8 %. The observations and modelling strongly support the finding that a liquid water film existed on the Teflon surface of the chamber bag, which enhanced the wall loss of water-soluble intermediates and oxidants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), MSIA, HPMTF, SO2, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (SA) and H2O2. The effect caused a 64.8 % and 91.7 % decrease in the secondary aerosol mass yield obtained at both dry (0 % RH–12 % RH) and humid (50 % RH–80 % RH) conditions, respectively. Model runs reproducing the ambient marine atmosphere indicate that OH comprises a strong sink of DMS in the MBL (accounting for 31.1 % of the total sink flux of DMS) although less important than the combined effect of halogen species Cl and BrO (accounting for 24.3 % and 38.7 %, respectively). Cloudy conditions promote the production of SO42- particular mass (PM) from SO2 accumulated in the gas phase, while cloud-free periods facilitate MSA formation in the deliquesced particles. The exclusion of aqueous-phase chemistry lowers the DMS sink as no halogens are activated in the sea spray particles and underestimates the secondary aerosol mass yield by neglecting SO42- and MSA PM production in the particle phase. Overall, this study demonstrated that the current DMS oxidation mechanisms reported in literature are inadequate in reproducing the results obtained in the AURA chamber, whereas the revised chemistry captured the formation, growth and chemical composition of the formed aerosol particles well. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of OH-initiated oxidation of DMS in the ambient marine atmosphere during conditions with low sea spray emissions.
Highlights
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS: CH3SCH3) from biogenic ocean emissions is the largest source of natural sulfur in the ambient atmosphere (Lovelock et al, 1972; Andreae, 1990; Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016)
Utilizing the MCMv3.3.1 chemistry mechanism alone caused the model to slightly overestimate the sink flux of DMS by OH addition compared to proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) measurement made in the chamber (R2 = 0.92 between the measured and modelled DMS concentration in experiment DMS2)
methanesulfonic acid (MSA) particular mass (PM) concentrations were significantly underestimated in proportion to those measured by the HR-ToF-AMS (49.5 % on average in experiment DMS2)
Summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS: CH3SCH3) from biogenic ocean emissions is the largest source of natural sulfur in the ambient atmosphere (Lovelock et al, 1972; Andreae, 1990; Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016). DMS is oxidized mainly in the gas phase by OH (66 %), NO3 (16 %) and various halogen species (Hoffmann et al, 2016; Chen et al, 2018) globally, either by OH-, NO3- or Cl-initiated H abstraction or OH and BrO addition. The chemistry of DMS oxidation and subsequent formation of SA and MSA has been studied in great detail, the current mechanisms remain uncertain (Barnes et al, 2006; Hoffmann et al, 2016). MSA formation in the gas phase remains uncertain, and earlier studies have suggested an alternative pathway via the MSIA intermediate (Yin et al, 1990; von Glasow and Crutzen, 2004). Cl and BrO radicals in particular were found to exert a strong increase in the DMS sink flux (Hoffmann et al, 2016)
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