Abstract
The new Li-ion battery systems used in electric vehicles have an average capacity of 50 kWh and are expected to be discarded when they reach approximately 80% of their initial capacity, because they are considered to no longer be sufficient for traction purposes. Based on the official national future development scenarios and subsequent mathematical modeling of the number of electric vehicles (EVs), up to 400 GWh of storage capacity in discharged batteries will be available on the EU market by 2035. Therefore, since the batteries still have a considerable capacity after the end of their first life, they could be used in many stationary applications during their second life, such as support for renewables, flexibility, energy arbitrage, peak shaving, etc. Due to the high output power achieved in a short time, one of the most promising applications of these batteries are ancillary services. The study assesses the economic efficiency of the used batteries and presents several main scenarios depending on the likely future development of the interconnected EU regulatory energy market. The final results indicate that the best results of second-life batteries utilization lie in the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve Service, both from a technical and economic point of view. The internal rate of return fluctuates from 8% to 21% in the realistic scenario, and it supports the idea that such systems might be able to be in operation without any direct financial subsidies.
Highlights
The global warming crisis is becoming one of the most dangerous threats that we will have to face worldwide in this century
At this stage of the procedure, we analyzed the impact of the emerging internal European balancing energy market (EBEM) on the price of reserved balancing reserves, which is pay-off for the settlement between the transmission system operator (TSO) and balancing service provider (BSP)
They can find their utilization in a wide range of applications, especially in stationary energy storage, where the ratio of power to weight is not a crucial parameter, as it is in the case of electric vehicles (EVs)
Summary
The global warming crisis is becoming one of the most dangerous threats that we will have to face worldwide in this century. Batteries are usually discarded from electric vehicles when they reach a level of about 80% of their original capacity after their first life cycle in EVs, which is usually about 8 to 10 years [14,15] These discarded batteries are, due to their technical and safety parameters, still suitable for use in stationary applications with less demanding load profiles [16]. By Bloomberg New Energy Finance, the global cumulative discarded capacity could reach 26 GWh by the year 2025 Through this repurposing process, the total battery lifespan is prolonged, the current amount of waste is minimized, and the idea of the circular EU economy is fulfilled. European market with RE [31]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
