Abstract
This study mainly concerns with the examination of heat transfer rate, mass and motile micro-organisms for convective second grade nanofluid flow. The considered model comprises of both nanoparticles as well as gyrotactic micro-organisms. Microorganisms stabilize the suspension of nanoparticles by bio-convective flow which is generated by the combined effects of nanoparticles and buoyancy forces. The Brownian motion and thermophoretic mechanisms along with Newtonian heating are also considered. Appropriately modified transformations are invoked to get a non-linear system of differential equations. The resulting problems are solved using a numerical scheme. Velocity field, thermal and solute distributions and motile micro-organism density are discussed graphically. Wall-drag (skin-friction) coefficient, Nusselt, Sherwood and motile micro-organisms are numerically examined for various parameters. The outcomes indicate that for a larger Rayleigh number, the bio-convection restricts the upward movement of nanoparticles that are involved in nanofluid for the given buoyancy effect. Furthermore, larger buoyancy is instigated which certainly opposes the fluid flow and affects the concentration. For a larger values of fluid parameter, the fluid viscosity faces a decline and certainly less restriction is faced by the fluid. In both assisting and opposing cases, we notice a certain rise in fluid motion. Thermal layer receives enhancement for larger values of Brownian diffusion parameter. The random motion for stronger Brownian impact suddenly raises which improves the heat convection and consequently thermal distribution receives enhancement. Thermal distribution receives enhancement for a larger Lewis number whereas the decline is noticed in concentration distribution. The larger Rayleigh number results in a strong buoyancy force that effectively increases the fluid temperature. This also increases the concentration difference, thus more nanoparticles transport between surface and micro-organisms. Furthermore, for larger (Nb), the thermal state of fluid receives enhancement while a decline in motile density is observed. Numerical results show that mass flux is an enhancing function of both the (Le) and (Nb).
Highlights
Bio convection is a fluid dynamic mechanism that occurs in the movement of micro-organisms.In this type of motion, the micro-organisms are way denser than water and swim upwardly
Gyrotactic micro-organisms like algae, which swim upward tend to penetrate the upper part of the fluid layer and as a result the most upper layer of fluid becomes denser than the layer below, causing
The prime objective here is to interpret the consequent influence of buoyancy and chemical reaction on heat flux, mass and motile micro-organism flux, for the convective flow of grade-II
Summary
Bio convection is a fluid dynamic mechanism that occurs in the movement of micro-organisms. Nanofluids have promisingly increased the productivity and outcomes of the industry Prior to their properties and the dilution of nanoparticles in base fluids, the suspension becomes highly effective in the presence of micro-organisms especially gyrotactic-type organisms. These features have received attention by the research community especially of those working in the field of bio-convection, bio-technology, bio-microsystems and bio-medical devices. The prime objective here is to interpret the consequent influence of buoyancy and chemical reaction on heat flux, mass and motile micro-organism flux, for the convective flow of grade-II nanofluids saturated with both tiny nanoparticles and tiny gyrotactic-type micro-organisms. Wall-drag (skin-friction) parameter, Nusselt, Sherwood and motile micro-organisms are numerically examined for various parameters
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