Abstract
Seasonal hormonal and sex skin coloration peaks were found to be synchronized in free-ranging, socially enclosed, and individually isolated rhesus monkeys of both sexes. These occurred during the October–January mating season on La Cueva island, Puerto Rico. Individually isolated females displayed a mid-cycle peak in sex skin coloration during the period of regular cycles (September–April). Females who became pregnant during the mating season did not show the significant sex skin coloration decrease seen in nonpregnant females during the months that follow the mating season. Environmental cues, perhaps acting on a seasonal biological clock rather than social factors, are thought to be mainly responsible for the synchronous seasonal fluctuations observed. The technique used for assessing changes in sex skin coloration is shown to be an effective and reliable method for recording seasonal and intramenstrual variations of sex hormones in free-tanging and captive rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, the procedure may prove useful in studies relating behavior with sex endocrines.
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