Abstract
Intelligent agricultural solutions require data on the environmental impacts of agriculture. In order for operationalize decision-making for sustainable agriculture, one needs to establish the corresponding datasets and protocols. Increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere force the choice of growing crops aimed at mitigating climate change. For this reason, investigations of seasonal carbon exchange were carried out in 2013–2016 at the Training Farm of the Vytautas Magnus University (former Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Lithuania. This paper compares the carbon exchange rate for different crops, viz., maize, ley, winter wheat, spring rapeseed and barley under conventional farming. This study focuses on the carbon exchange rate. We measure the emitted and absorbed CO2 fluxes by applying the closed chamber method. The biomass measurement and leaf area index (LAI) calculations at different plant growth stages are used to evaluate carbon exchange in different agroecosystems. The differences in photosynthetically assimilated CO2 rates were significantly impacted by the leaf area index (p = 0.04) during the plant vegetation period. The significantly (p = 0.02–0.05) strong correlation (r = 0.6–0.7) exists between soil respiration and LAI. Soil respiration composed only 21% of the agroecosystem carbon exchange. Plant respiration ranged between 0.034 and 3.613 µmol m−2 s−1 during the vegetation period composed of a negligible ratio (mean 16%) of carbon exchange. Generally, respiration emissions were obviously recovered by the gross primary production (GPP) of crops. Therefore, the ecosystems were acting as an atmospheric CO2 sink. Barley accumulated the lowest mean GPP 12.77 µmol m−2 s−1. The highest mean GPP was determined for ley (14.28 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (15.68 µmol m−2 s−1) due to the biggest LAI and particular bio-characteristics. Due to the highest NEP, the ley (12.66 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (12.76 µmol m−2 s−1) agroecosystems sank the highest C from the atmosphere and, thus, they might be considered the most sustainable items between crops. Consequently, the appropriate choice of crops and their area in crop rotations may reduce CO2 emissions and their impact on the environment and climate change.
Highlights
Croplands represent about 12% of the Earth’s surface [1] and one-third of the land surface in Europe [2]; it plays a significant role in the generation of anthropogenic emissions
Agriculture accounts for 10–12% of the total anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) [3], 9.78% in the EU, out of which 4.94% are emissions from the soil [4]
The relationship between the rates of carbon fluxes and bio-parameters of the plants stand important for the evaluation of the possibility for climate change mitigation and the development of a sustainable agriculture
Summary
Croplands represent about 12% of the Earth’s surface [1] and one-third of the land surface in Europe [2]; it plays a significant role in the generation of anthropogenic emissions. Growth period and water content are the factors that determine C sequestration [10,15], CO2 fluxes and exchange in the system atmosphere-plant-soil [19]. The relationship between the rates of carbon fluxes and bio-parameters of the plants stand important for the evaluation of the possibility for climate change mitigation and the development of a sustainable agriculture. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of atmospheric carbon assimilation and accumulation in biomass during the growth period in conventional farming agroecosystems of ley, winter wheat, maize, barley and spring rapeseed, and to determine the seasonal respiration fluxes and the rates of assimilated carbon. In order to explain carbon exchange, the photosynthesis parameters (crop density, leaf area index, productivity) were investigated at different plant growth stages
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