Abstract
The seasonal impact of adjacency effects (AE) on satellite ocean color data at visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths by the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard the Aqua platform (MODISA), the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, the Ocean and Land Color Instrument, the Operational Land Imager (OLI), and the MultiSpectral Imagery (MSI) was theoretically evaluated at a validation site in the northern Adriatic Sea. The analysis made use of comprehensive simulations accounting for multiple scattering, sea surface roughness, sensor viewing geometry, actual coastline, typical and extreme atmospheric conditions, and the seasonal variability of solar illumination and, land and water optical properties. Results, obtained by relying on the normalization of the radiometric sensitivity of each sensor to the same input radiance, show that the spectral and seasonal impacts of AE considerably vary among sensors. AE significantly exceed the radiometric sensitivity of MSI at its sole blue band in winter, whereas they significantly outdo the noise threshold of OLI and MODISA high-resolution data exclusively in the NIR in summer. Conversely, for all other sensors and for MODISA low-resolution data, AE are particularly significant at NIR bands between March and October and at the blue-green bands in winter.
Highlights
S TANDARD algorithms for the processing of ocean color satellite data usually assume an infinite water surface
A comprehensive analysis of adjacency effects (AE) in ocean color remote sensing of coastal waters was recently performed at the SeaViewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS)-equivalent center wavelengths for most relevant ocean color sensors
The results showed that AE in radiometry data from the less sensitive SeaWiFS, Operational Land Imager (OLI), and MultiSpectral Imagery (MSI), as well as from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) in full spatial resolution (FR), are still above the sensor radiometric sensitivity at 36 km offshore (20 km for MSI) and at all wavelengths for highly reflecting land covers
Summary
S TANDARD algorithms for the processing of ocean color satellite data usually assume an infinite water surface. The radiance reflected by the land and scattered by the atmosphere into the sensor field-of-view becomes a source of perturbations leading to uncertainties in ocean color radiometric data. These perturbations are called adjacency effects (AE), and the related spectral difference in the top-of-atmosphere radiance between the case accounting for the nonuniformity of the underlying surface and the case assuming a uniform surface is named adjacency radiance Ladj. A comprehensive analysis of AE in ocean color remote sensing of coastal waters was recently performed at the SeaViewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS)-equivalent center wavelengths for most relevant ocean color sensors
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