Abstract
This study focused, for the first time, on the evaluation of the seasonal effect on the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils hydrodistillated from leaves, trunk bark and fruits of Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Z. leprieurii), a traditional medicinal wild plant growing in Côte d’Ivoire. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh organs of Z. leprieurii growing on the same site over several months using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Leaf essential oils were dominated by tridecan-2-one (9.00 ± 0.02–36.80 ± 0.06%), (E)-β-ocimene (1.30 ± 0.50–23.57 ± 0.47%), β-caryophyllene (7.00 ± 1.02–19.85 ± 0.48%), dendrolasin (1.79 ± 0.08–16.40 ± 0.85%) and undecan-2-one (1.20 ± 0.03–8.51 ± 0.35%). Fruit essential oils were rich in β-myrcene (16.40 ± 0.91–48.27 ± 0.26%), citronellol (1.90 ± 0.02–28.24 ± 0.10%) and geranial (5.30 ± 0.53–12.50 ± 0.47%). Tridecan-2-one (45.26 ± 0.96–78.80 ± 0.55%), β-caryophyllene (1.80 ± 0.23–13.20 ± 0.33%), α-humulene (4.30 ± 1.09–12.73 ± 1.41%) and tridecan-2-ol (2.23 ± 0.17–10.10 ± 0.61%) were identified as major components of trunk bark oils. Statistical analyses of essential oil compositions showed that the variability mainly comes from the organs. Indeed, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allowed us to cluster the samples into three groups, each one consisting of one different Z. leprieurii organ, showing that essential oils hydrodistillated from the different organs do not display the same chemical composition. However, significant differences in essential oil compositions for the same organ were highlighted during the studied period, showing the impact of the seasonal effect on essential oil compositions. Biological activities of the produced essential oils were also investigated. Essential oils exhibited high insecticidal activities against Sitophilus granarius, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and moderate anti-plasmodial properties.
Highlights
The variability in the chemical composition of leaf, trunk bark and fruit essential oils hydrodistillated from Ivorian Z. leprieurii was studied for the first time over seven months for leaves and trunk bark, and five months for fruits
Results showed that essential oils were mainly dominated by sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, dendrolasin and thymol), methylketones and monoterpenes (β-myrcene, (E)-β-ocinene and perillene) in leaf, trunk bark and fruit samples, respectively
Statistical principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) analysis showed that the variability in essential oil compositions mainly comes from the organ, as all samples were clustered in three groups, each one corresponding to one organ
Summary
Fagara leprieurii Engl and Fagara Angolensis) is a plant species belonging to the Genus Zanthoxylum of the Rutaceae family, which contains approximatively. Known as a multipurpose species, Z. leprieurii has a wide spectrum of applications, as leaves, trunk bark and roots are used in traditional medicine to cure rheumatism and for the treatment of tuberculosis and generalized body pains in Central and Western Africa [2,3,4]. Roots are used as chewing sticks to clean the mouth [5]. This plant is used for canoes, boxes, plywood, general carpentry, domestic utensils, beehives and water pots; the pale yellow wood is tough, medium coarse-grained and light [6]. From a chemical point of view, a large variety of compounds from different chemical classes were reported in Z. leprieurii solvent extracts: acridone alkaloids, benzophenanthridine [13], aliphatic amide [14], coumarins [15] and kaurane diterpenes [11]
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