Abstract
In a changing climate, phenological observations are gaining new importance. They can tell what changes are taking place in certain environmental conditions. The studies were conducted in 2019 within the territory of the Republic of Mordovia (the center of the European part of Russia). Beer traps (beer as a bait) were used to collect Diptera. The material was collected in the period from April to October in different forest biotopes (pine forest, lime forest, aspen forest, birch forest and oak forest) and the air temperature was recorded at the same time. In total, more than 14.000 specimens of Diptera were recorded. Overall, 29 families were recorded. The largest number of families was observed for birch (23 families) and pine (24 families) forests, the smallest number – in aspen forest (16 families). The families Muscidae, Drosophilidae, Calliphoridae had the largest number of captured individuals (44.5%, 35.2%, 7.6% of the total number of individuals respectively). The highest number of individuals was captured in oak forest. The dynamics of abundance in all biotopes were similar and were characterized by the same number of declines and rises. The first small significant peak in the number of Diptera occurred in the first half of summer. A slight increase in the number of specimenі occurred in mid-June. In the second half of September, there was a gradual increase in the number and the maximum peak was recorded in mid-October, then there was a decline. The autumn increase in the number of Diptera in all five biotopes exceeded the summer peak by several times. This dynamic was typical for most families. However, species from the family Lonchaeidae had the peak in July. For our better understanding of the changes in the seasonal dynamics of the number of Diptera, long-term observations in different climatic zones are needed.
Highlights
Phenological changes are the key feature in temperate zones and they determine the activity cycles of animals and plants (Schwartz, 2003; Harvey et al, 2020; Marshall et al, 2020; Minin et al, 2020)
The largest number of families was obtained in birch (23 families) and pine (24 families) forests, the smallest number was in aspen forest (16 families, Fig. 1)
Our studies have shown that Drosophilidae in the conditions of central Russia have one peak in abundance, which begins at the end of September with a maximum in mid-October
Summary
Phenological changes are the key feature in temperate zones and they determine the activity cycles of animals and plants (Schwartz, 2003; Harvey et al, 2020; Marshall et al, 2020; Minin et al, 2020). In response to the seasonal natural changes, the species composition of populations and the number of species significantly fluctuates (Wieher et al, 2011; Altermatt, 2012; Blackshaw & Esbjerg, 2017; Chick et al, 2019; Barkalov & Khruleva, 2021; Polevoi, 2021). Seasonal phenology is often caused by abiotic environmental factors, including environmental stressors. Together they can have a clear impact on the composition of the community (McGill et al, 2006; Hallett et al, 2018; Höök et al, 2020). The seasonal activity of Syrphidae was studied in the Komi Republic
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