Abstract
Water demand prediction by end-use at an appropriate spatial and temporal resolution is essential for planning water supply systems that will supply water from a diversified set of sources on a fit-for-purpose basis. Understanding seasonal, daily and sub-daily water demand including peak demand by end-uses is an essential planning requirement to implement a fit-for-purpose water supply strategy. Studies in the literature assume that all indoor water uses except evaporative cooler water use are weather independent and do not exhibit seasonal variability. This paper presents an analysis undertaken to examine seasonal variability of residential water end-uses. The analysis was repeated using two sets of data to ensure the validity of findings. The study shows that shower water use is significantly different between winter and summer, in addition to irrigation, evaporative cooler and pool water end-uses, while other water end-uses are not. Weather is shown to be a significant determinant of shower water use; in particular it affects shower duration which increases with lower temperature. Further analysis on shower water use suggests that it is driven by behavioural factors in addition to weather, thus providing useful insights to improve detailed end-use water demand predictions.
Highlights
Supplying water to the world’s population between and 2030 from an absolutely finite supply is identified as a clear and significant challenge [1]
The data were analysed using a number of statistical techniques explained in Section 3.2 to observe the seasonal variability of water end-uses
The purpose of this study was to understand the seasonal demand variability of water end-uses and to improve the current understanding of factors that influence the seasonal variability of residential water end-use
Summary
Supplying water to the world’s population between and 2030 from an absolutely finite supply is identified as a clear and significant challenge [1] This is due to the fact that only one percent of the world’s total water is fresh and drinkable and is poorly managed [1]. Australia has experienced prolonged and severe drought conditions from 2002 to 2008 in the south eastern part of the country [7,8]. This is believed to be as a result of climate change [8]. Dependence primarily on the water stored in dams makes Australian water supply heavily vulnerable to drought [6]
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