Abstract
This study elucidated the characteristics of climatological seasonal changes in the diurnal variations of precipitation at four ground stations in the upper Río Chagres basin in the Panama Canal watershed. The seasonal changes differed among the stations, although they are located within an area of only 414 km2. Precipitation peaks in the early afternoon at 1500 local standard time (LST) were observed at all the stations. At Chamon, monthly-mean hourly precipitation at every hour exceeded 0.3 mm h–1 throughout November and December. The occurrence of morning precipitation in January and March distinguished the seasonal precipitation pattern at Esperanza from the pattern at the other stations. Analyses of the seasonal changes in the diurnal variation with pattern correlations and rotational empirical orthogonal functions grouped the stations into two pairs: no morning peak at Chico and Río Piedras in the downstream basin and morning peak at Chamon and Esperanza in the upstream basin.
Highlights
Both diurnal and seasonal variations of precipitation influence land-surface hydrometeorological processes and, biosphere, including human beings that use water and solar energy
From January to March, precipitation was weak throughout the day, and even from April to December, precipitation weakened in the morning
This study demonstrated that the seasonal changes of the diurnal variation of precipitation show spatial variability among four rain gauge stations in the upper Rıo Chagres basin, Fig 8
Summary
Both diurnal and seasonal variations of precipitation influence land-surface hydrometeorological processes and, biosphere, including human beings that use water and solar energy. Hydrometeorological processes that display diurnal variations include convective cloudiness [1], the atmospheric hydrologic cycle [2], streamflow [3], the groundwater table [4], sediment flow [5], and soil respiration [6]. Diurnal variations of precipitation are a primary driver of these hydrometeorological diurnal variations. Panama is located in between the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean and climatologically affected by both which bring high humidity A dry season and a rainy season [9] with different local onset and withdrawal dates [10].
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