Seasonal Changes in the Inundation Area and Water Volume of the Tonle Sap River and Its Floodplain

Sokly Siev,Enrico Paringit,Seingheng Hul,Chihiro Yoshimura

doi:10.3390/hydrology3040033

Abstract

Flood pulses occur annually along the Tonle Sap River (TSR) due to the large volume of water flowing from Tonle Sap Lake (TSL), its tributaries, and the Mekong River (MR). This study describes the seasonal changes in inundation area and water volume in the floodplain along the TSR over three years. The method employed time series remote sensing images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, the digital elevation model (DEM) of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), bathymetric data, and observed water level data. Adding normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a “third band” in the maximum likelihood classification (MLC) provided higher accuracy compared to thresholding NDVI and pure MLC (two bands) only. The results showed that the inundation area ranged from 123.8 to 3251.2 km2 (mean: 1028.5 km2) with overall accuracy of 96.9%. The estimated water volume ranged from 418.3 to 2223.9 million m3 (mean: 917.3 million m3) from the dry to wet season, respectively. Seasonally, the TSR floodplain accounted for up to 5.3% and 3.2% of the mean annual inflow and outflow of the TSR, respectively. In addition to the TSL water reservoir, the TSR and its floodplain exchanged and stabilized the flow of the MR and its downstream delta, respectively. Overall, the obtained results have enhanced our understanding of the TSR, supporting further studies on river connectivity and reversal flow in this study area.

Highlights

Flooding is an important cyclic episode in floodplain ecosystems, actively bringing in and exchanging water, sediments, and nutrients [1,2,3]
The Tonle Sap River (TSR) receives a large amount of water, filling up the Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) and its floodplains, and increasing the inundation area six-fold compared to the dry season
The results showing the seasonal changes in inundation area and water volume of the flood pulse on the floodplain along the TSR are presented

Summary

Introduction

Flooding is an important cyclic episode in floodplain ecosystems, actively bringing in and exchanging water, sediments, and nutrients [1,2,3]. In Cambodia, the Tonle Sap River (TSR) plays a unique hydrological role by actively exchanging water and materials between Tonle Sap Lake (TSL). The TSL releases water to MR via the TSR, ensuring a sustainable flow to the Mekong Delta. This immutable connectivity of TSL and TSR is crucial for maintaining productivity and biodiversity [4,5,6,7,8]. A recent study suggested that the TSL ecosystem is relatively healthy, having achieved a certain stage of maturity until at least 2010, albeit with a vulnerable food web structure [10]

Methods

Results

Conclusion