Abstract
BackgroundCopepods are major secondary producers in the World Ocean. They represent an important link between phytoplankton, microzooplankton and higher trophic levels such as fish. They are an important source of food for many fish species but also a significant producer of detritus. In the terms of the role they play in the marine food web, it is important to know how environmental variability affects the population of copepods.MethodsThe study of the zooplankton community in the south-eastern Baltic Sea conducted during a 24-month survey (from January 2010 to November 2011) resulted in the identification of 24 invertebrate species (10 copepods, seven cladocerans, four rotifers, one ctenophore, one larvacean, and one amphipod). Data were collected at two stations located in the open sea waters of the Gulf of Gdansk: the Gdansk Deep (P1) (54°50′N, 19°19′E) and in the western, inner part of the Gulf of Gdansk (P2) (54°32′N, 18°48.2′E). The vertical hauls were carried out with the use of two kinds of plankton nets with a mesh size of 100 µm: a Copenhagen net (in 2010), and a WP-2 net (in 2011).ResultsThe paper describes the seasonal changes in the abundance and biomass of copepods, taking into account the main Baltic calanoid copepod taxa (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.). They have usually represented the main component of zooplankton. The average number of copepods at the P1 Station during the study period of 2010 was 3,913 ind m−3(SD 2,572) and their number ranged from 1,184 ind m−3 (in winter) to 6,293 ind m−3(in spring). One year later, the average count of copepods was higher, at 11,723 ind m−3(SD 6,980), and it ranged from 2,351 ind m−3(in winter) to 18,307 ind m−3(in summer). Their average count at P2 Station in 2010 was 29,141 ind m−3, ranging from 3,330 ind m−3(in March) to 67,789 ind m−3(in May). The average count of copepods in 2011 was much lower at 17,883 ind m−3, and it ranged from 1,360 ind m−3 (in April) to 39,559 ind m−3 (in May).DiscussionThe environmental conditions of the pelagic habitat change in terms of both depth and distance from the shore. Although the qualitative (taxonomic) structure of zooplankton is almost identical to that of the coastal waters, the quantitative structure (abundance and biomass) changes quite significantly. The maximum values of zooplankton abundance and biomass were observed in the summer season, both in the Gdansk Deep and in the inner part of the Gulf of Gdansk. Copepods dominated in the composition of zooplankton for almost the entire time of the research duration. Quantitative composition of copepods at the P1 Station differed from the one at P2 Station due to the high abundance of Pseudocalanus sp. which prefers colder, more saline waters.
Highlights
Zooplankton in the marine pelagic food webs plays an important role in the energy transfer between primary producers and higher-level consumers, like pelagic fish (Möllmann, Kornilovs & Sidrevics, 2000; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Bielecka & Mudrak, 2006; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka et al, 2012; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Kalarus & Zmijewska, 2013)
In terms of biomass and production, copepods are the most important taxa of zooplankton in the southern Baltic Sea, e.g., Pseudocalanus sp., Temora longicornis and Acartia spp., while rotifers are mainly represented by Synchaeta spp., and Cladocera by the dominance of Evadne nordmanni (Dzierzbicka-Glowacka et al, 2015)
Between the dominant species and those from the bottom of the scale, there are intermediate species living in the Baltic Sea which are characterized by very similar biomass values, e.g., Fritillaria borealis (Appendicularia), the larvae of Polychaeta and Bivalvia, cladocerans Bosmina spp. and Podon spp., as well as the copepod Centropages hamatus (Andrulewicz et al, 2008)
Summary
Zooplankton in the marine pelagic food webs plays an important role in the energy transfer between primary producers (phytoplankton) and higher-level consumers, like pelagic fish (Möllmann, Kornilovs & Sidrevics, 2000; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Bielecka & Mudrak, 2006; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka et al, 2012; Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, Kalarus & Zmijewska, 2013). In terms of biomass and production, copepods are the most important taxa of zooplankton in the southern Baltic Sea, e.g., Pseudocalanus sp., Temora longicornis and Acartia spp., while rotifers are mainly represented by Synchaeta spp., and Cladocera by the dominance of Evadne nordmanni (Dzierzbicka-Glowacka et al, 2015). Copepods are major secondary producers in the World Ocean They represent an important link between phytoplankton, microzooplankton and higher trophic levels such as fish. The paper describes the seasonal changes in the abundance and biomass of copepods, taking into account the main Baltic calanoid copepod taxa (Acartia spp., Temora longicornis and Pseudocalanus sp.). They have usually represented the main component of zooplankton.
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