Abstract
BackgroundMany studies have indicated the detrimental effect of ambient ozone to respiratory health in different countries. The levels of ozone in Hanoi, Vietnam are frequently above the WHO guideline but very few studies on the effects of ambient ozone on human health have been conducted in this location. This study aimed to examine the effects of ozone on hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi, by diseases, ages and seasons.MethodsHospital admissions, air pollutants and meteorological data were collected from January 2010 to June 2014. We used generalized linear models and distributed lag linear model to assess the association. In addition to full year analysis, we conducted restricted analysis of the data for two summer (from June-August) and winter (from December-February) seasons and grouped hospital admissions by diseases and ages (all ages, children 0 to 5 years and elderly >65 years). The delayed effect of ozone was assessed using lags of up to 5 days.ResultsOzone has a stronger effect on the risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases and wheeze-associated disorders in the winter. For respiratory diseases, children were affected by ozone more than other age groups in both winter and summer. Each increase of 10 μg/m3 of ozone is associated with an increase of 6.2% risk of admission for respiratory disease among children in the winter and 1.2% in the summer. For wheeze-associated disorders, the elderly group seemed to be more affected by ozone in full year and winter but no significant association was found between ozone and admission for wheeze-associated diseases in any age group.ConclusionsOzone is a risk factor for respiratory admission, especially amongst children under 5 years old in Hanoi, and ozone has a stronger effect in the winter than in the summer in this city.
Highlights
Long-term monitoring of air quality indicates that air pollution levels are rising in many cities throughout the world [1]
Ozone has a stronger effect on the risk of hospital admission for respiratory diseases and wheeze-associated disorders in the winter
Each increase of 10 μg/ m3 of ozone is associated with an increase of 6.2% risk of admission for respiratory disease among children in the winter and 1.2% in the summer
Summary
Long-term monitoring of air quality indicates that air pollution levels are rising in many cities throughout the world [1]. Among the criteria air pollutants, ground-level ozone (O3) commonly exceeds the recommended upper limit in many parts of the world, and is generally increasing in East Asia [2,3,4]. The strong oxidant, O3, has been reported to associate with adverse effects on human health including respiratory, cardiovascular diseases or even premature death [5, 6]. Increased ground-level O3 has been associated with asthma and respiratory-related exacerbations [5, 7,8,9,10,11]. Many studies have indicated the detrimental effect of ambient ozone to respiratory health in different countries. The levels of ozone in Hanoi, Vietnam are frequently above the WHO guideline but very few studies on the effects of ambient ozone on human health have been conducted in this location. This study aimed to examine the effects of ozone on hospital admission for respiratory diseases in Hanoi, by diseases, ages and seasons
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