Abstract
Studies examining the variability in wild plant metabolic expression propose that environmental factors significantly influence the essential oil (EO) quality and quantity in a plant. Lantana camara is a widely distributed invasive plant species worldwide. However, its immense metabolites can become a source of novel compounds to produce biopesticides in the agricultural industry. Although, the quality aspect has to be considered due to the environmental influence on the metabolites synthesised. Therefore, this research aimed to understand the influence of environmental factors and how it shapes the plant’s metabolite profile in multiple populations of L. camara. Leaf samples were collected from six different geographic regions of Kenya and the corresponding monthly climatic data and soil samples. GC-MS data from leaf EO were analysed with environmental variables (climate and soil data) using unimodally unconstrained and constrained ordination methods for untargeted metabolomics analysis. Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Random Forests (RF) were used to confirm the variability further. Seasonal and regional variability was observed for secondary metabolites (SMs) in the leaf EO, which correlated to climatic factors and soil attributes. We highlight the season-al-geographic metabolism relationship for L. camara and the combined analytical approach to obtain data that contributes to understanding the influence of environmental factors on the synthesis and accumulation of SMs. This research will have all-embracing implications for maximising phytochemical uniformity.
Highlights
Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as Lantana, is a plant species widely found growing in many parts of the world and produces essential oils (EOs)
To the site, when we ran the analysis of similarity based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix, we consistently found a significant difference of L. camara EO secondary metabolites (SMs) composition between rainy and dry season (ANOSIM: p < 0.0001, R = 0.465)
The results showed that environmental conditions in the drier season favour the production of more dominant compounds than in the rainy season
Summary
Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as Lantana, is a plant species widely found growing in many parts of the world and produces essential oils (EOs). (Verbenaceae), commonly known as Lantana, is a plant species widely found growing in many parts of the world and produces essential oils (EOs). The composition of the essential oils of L. camara collected from several parts of the world are characterised by the principle components being terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and their oxygenated derivatives (Anjum et al, 2017; Patil, Kumbhar, & Ambhore, 2017). Environmental and edaphic factors may influence the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants of the same species growing wild in different regions. The respective group of secondary metabolites plays a significant role in the plant’s adaptation to the surrounding environment The environment influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (SMs), facilitating the chemical interaction between plants, leading to the variations in metabolite profile of a plant, exerting their biological roles as a plastic adaptive response mechanism to their jas.ccsenet.org
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