Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange of a temperate larch forest

Abstract

This paper reports 3-year measurements (2001–2003) of the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) over a northern Japan larch plantation forest, using an eddy covariance technique with both open- and closed-path systems. The study evaluates interannual variations in the seasonal patterns of NEE, the annual NEE, clarifying the factors controlling the carbon balance. NEE for both open- and closed-path systems look equivalent from the half-hourly mean values; however, there is a small systematic bias in the annual cumulative totals. In this study, we used closed-path data because open-path data during winter are doubtful and the annual NEE from closed-path data was closer to the biometric NEP than that from open-path data. The 3-year averages of annual NEE, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (RE) were −212 ± 43 (standard deviation), −1673 ± 59, and 1462 ± 42 gC m −2 y −1, respectively. The larch plantation forest absorbed large amounts of CO 2 during just 1 month, June. During that period, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was large while the temperature was not high. These meteorological conditions were suitable for CO 2 absorption before the leaf area index (LAI) reached its peak. Maximum GPP at light saturation ( P max) was also large. During the 3-year measurement period, PPFD in summer, and temperatures in spring and summer engendered remarkable interannual differences of GPP, RE, and NEE. In spring, snowmelt and larch foliation occurred about 2 weeks earlier in 2002 than in either 2001 or 2003 because of higher temperatures; consequently, the ecosystem began to photosynthesize earlier. In July, NEE was more negative in 2003 than in other years. The GPP became larger because of higher PPFD, larger P max; while the RE became smaller because of lower temperatures. Compared with similar forests, the amounts of GPP and RE measured here were large, but NEE was similar. The reason is that the photosynthetic capacity of larch is naturally large: the ample PPFD, and the lack of environmental stresses from dry air or soil, consequently allows high photosynthesis rates to be maintained. Moreover, it can be inferred that RE values are enhanced by the high photosynthetic activity of larch forest during the growing season.