Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Salinity Near Major River Mouths of the World Ocean Inferred from Gridded Satellite and In-Situ Salinity Products

Abstract

Large rivers are key components of the land-ocean branch of the global water and biogeochemical cycles. River discharges can have important influences on physical, biological, optical, and chemical processes in coastal oceans. It is, therefore, of importance to routinely monitor the time-varying dispersal patterns of river plumes. The European Space Agency (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites provide Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) observations capable of characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of major river plumes. The main objective of this study is to examine the consistency of SSS products, from these two missions, and two in-situ gridded salinity products in depicting SSS variations on seasonal to interannual time scales within a few hundred kilometers of major river mouths. We show that SSS from SMOS and SMAP satellites have good consistency in depicting seasonal and interannual SSS variations near major river mouths. The two gridded in-situ products underestimate these variations substantially. This underestimation, most notably associated with the low SSS season following the high-discharge season, is attributable to the limited in-situ sampling of the river plumes when they are the most active. This work underscores the importance of using satellite SSS to study river plumes, as well as to evaluate and constrain models.