Abstract
We explore the patterns of Black Sea phytoplankton growth as driven by the thermohaline structure and circulation system and the freshwater nutrient loads. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the phytoplankton blooms is examined using hydrodynamic simulations that resolve mesoscale eddies and online coupled bio-geochemical model. This study suggests that the bloom seasonality is homogeneous across geographic locations of the Black Sea inner basin, with the strongest bloom occurring in winter (February–March), followed by weaker bloom in spring (April–May), summer deep biomass maximum (DBM) (June–September) and a final bloom in autumn (October–November). The winter phytoplankton bloom relies on vertical mixing of nitrate from the intermediate layers, where nitrate is abundant. The winter bloom is highly dependent on the strength of the cold intermediate layers (CIL), while spring/summer blooms take advantage of the CIL weakness. The maximum phytoplankton transport across the North Western Shelf (NWS) break occurs in September, prior to the basin interior autumn bloom. Bloom initiation in early autumn is associated with the spreading of NWS waters, which in turn is caused by an increase in mesoscale eddy activity in late summer months. In summary, the intrusion of low salinity and nitrate-rich water into the basin interior triggers erosion of the thermocline, resulting in vertical nitrate uplifting. The seasonal phytoplankton succession is strongly influenced by the recent CIL disintegration and amplification of the Black Sea circulation, which may alter the natural Black Sea nitrate dynamics, with subsequent effects on phytoplankton and in turn on all marine life.
Highlights
Phytoplankton blooms [1] are identifiable signals of the annual growth activity in pelagic systems.Typical Black Sea seasonal phytoplankton dynamics are characterised by a major phytoplankton bloom in winter (February) followed by a smaller spring (March–April) bloom [2,3,4,5]
We examine the dynamics of the Black Sea surface circulation system and cross-shelf transport to propose a mechanism of initiation of the early autumn bloom
Given that this study aims to better describe the seasonal cycle and multi-annual variation of phytoplankton through the Black Sea, in Figure 7 are plotted the daily mean surface phytoplankton biomass (PHY)
Summary
Phytoplankton blooms [1] are identifiable signals of the annual growth activity in pelagic systems.Typical Black Sea seasonal phytoplankton dynamics are characterised by a major phytoplankton bloom in winter (February) followed by a smaller spring (March–April) bloom [2,3,4,5]. Phytoplankton blooms [1] are identifiable signals of the annual growth activity in pelagic systems. It has been found that windy, cold winters lead to an abundance of phytoplankton biomass (PHY) or chlorophyll-a (CHLa) concentrations in winter-spring, due to enhanced vertical mixing and stronger upwelling. The inter-annual variability of phytoplankton blooms has been associated with the winter severity. In summer the phytoplankton growth on the surface decays because of nitrate depletion, and autumn bloom follows between September and November. During the late autumn and winter-spring blooms, PHY reaches a maximum in the upper mixed layer. From June to October, the maximum of PHY (so-called DBM) appears at the subsurface layer, associated with the uppermost pycnocline
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