Abstract
Abstract. The East African lowland and highland areas consist of water-limited and humid ecosystems. The magnitude and seasonality of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions and concentrations from these functionally contrasting ecosystems are limited due to a scarcity of direct observations. We measured mixing ratios of BVOCs from two contrasting ecosystems, humid highlands with agroforestry and dry lowlands with bushland, grassland, and agriculture mosaics, during both the rainy and dry seasons of 2019 in southern Kenya. We present the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of BVOC mixing ratios and their reactivity and estimated emission factors (EFs) for certain BVOCs from the African lowland ecosystem based on field measurements. The most abundant BVOCs were isoprene and monoterpenoids (MTs), with isoprene contributing > 70 % of the total BVOC mixing ratio during daytime, while MTs accounted for > 50 % of the total BVOC mixing ratio during nighttime at both sites. The contributions of BVOCs to the local atmospheric chemistry were estimated by calculating the reactivity towards the hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), and the nitrate radical (NO3). Isoprene and MTs contributed the most to the reactivity of OH and NO3, while sesquiterpenes dominated the contribution of organic compounds to the reactivity of O3. The mixing ratio of isoprene measured in this study was lower than that measured in the relevant ecosystems in western and southern Africa, while that of monoterpenoids was similar. Isoprene mixing ratios peaked daily between 16:00 and 20:00 (all times are given as East Africa Time, UTC+3), with a maximum mixing ratio of 809 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) and 156 pptv in the highlands and 115 and 25 pptv in the lowlands during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. MT mixing ratios reached their daily maximum between midnight and early morning (usually 04:00 to 08:00), with mixing ratios of 254 and 56 pptv in the highlands and 89 and 7 pptv in the lowlands in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The dominant species within the MT group were limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene. EFs for isoprene, MTs, and 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) were estimated using an inverse modeling approach. The estimated EFs for isoprene and β-pinene agreed very well with what is currently assumed in the world's most extensively used biogenic emissions model, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), for warm C4 grass, but the estimated EFs for MBO, α-pinene, and especially limonene were significantly higher than that assumed in MEGAN for the relevant plant functional type. Additionally, our results indicate that the EF for limonene might be seasonally dependent in savanna ecosystems.
Highlights
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are emitted from vegetation during, e.g., plant growth (e.g., Hüve et al, 2007; Aalto et al, 2014; Taipale et al, 2020), reproduction (e.g., Andersson et al, 2002; Wright et al, 2005), and for defense (Niinemets, 2010; Holopainen and Gershenzon, 2010; Faiola and Taipale, 2020)
We present the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) mixing ratios and their reactivity and estimated emission factors (EFs) for certain BVOCs from the African lowland ecosystem based on field measurements
Our results indicate that the EF for limonene might be seasonally dependent in savanna ecosystems
Summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are emitted from vegetation during, e.g., plant growth (e.g., Hüve et al, 2007; Aalto et al, 2014; Taipale et al, 2020), reproduction (e.g., Andersson et al, 2002; Wright et al, 2005), and for defense (Niinemets, 2010; Holopainen and Gershenzon, 2010; Faiola and Taipale, 2020). Climate change affects BVOC emissions and oxidation through environmental conditions (Fig. 1; red arrows). Isoprene emissions are known to be both temperature and light dependent (Guenther et al, 1991, 1993; Wildermuth and Fall, 1996; Niinemets et al, 2004) and have been identified as the main contributor to increasing global BVOC levels in response to global warming (Peñuelas and Staudt, 2010). The emission of isoprene depends on soil water availability and responds to soil water stress (Guenther et al, 2012). Since climate variability is rising (Seneviratne et al, 2012), the emission of monoterpenes and isoprene is becoming more variable. This effect becomes especially pronounced in ecosystems that are vulnerable to climatic change
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