Abstract
Seasonality in glucose metabolism has been observed in adult populations; however, little is known of the associations between season and glucose metabolism in children. In this study, we examined whether markers of glucose metabolism (fasting glucose, insulin and HbA1c) varied by season in a paediatric population (6–13 years of age) located in Perth (Western Australia, n = 262) with data categorised by weight. Linear regression was used to analyse the nature of the relationships between mean daily levels of terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (prior to the day of the blood test) and measures of glucose metabolism. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in autumn compared to spring, for children in combined, normal and obese weight categories. Fasting insulin was significantly lower in autumn and summer compared to winter for individuals of normal weight. HbA1c was significantly higher in summer (compared with winter and spring) in overweight children, which was in the opposite direction to other published findings in adults. In children with obesity, a strong inverse relationship (r = −0.67, p = 0.002) was observed for fasting glucose, and daily terrestrial UVR levels measured in the previous 6 months. Increased safe sun exposure in winter therefore represents a plausible means of reducing fasting blood sugar in children with obesity. However, further studies, using larger paediatric cohorts are required to confirm these relationships.
Highlights
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by progressive insulin resistance, raised blood glucose levels and altered lipid metabolism that may result in macro- and micro-vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy [1,2]. usually considered a disease of adulthood, rates of T2D are rising in paediatric populations.For example, between 1990 and 2012, the annual incidence of T2D in children living in Western Australia rose more than 10-fold, from 0.2 to 3.1 per 100,000 person-years [3]
There was no significant difference between the weight categories in blood fasting levels of glucose or haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Table 1)
We examined the relationships between season and terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on blood markers of glucose metabolism in children living in Perth (Western Australia)
Summary
Usually considered a disease of adulthood, rates of T2D are rising in paediatric populations. Between 1990 and 2012, the annual incidence of T2D in children living in Western Australia rose more than 10-fold, from 0.2 to 3.1 per 100,000 person-years [3]. First Nation peoples, with the prevalence of T2D 8-times greater in children of Australian Indigenous, than non-Indigenous ethnic background (10–14 years of age) [4]. T2D is associated with increasing rates of childhood obesity [5] with excessive caloric consumption. Public Health 2019, 16, 3734; doi:10.3390/ijerph16193734 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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