Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of the initial injury, is often characterized by relentless progression with the ultimate development of tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. The extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the morphological parameter most closely associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate.1 Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) almost invariably develop in parallel, and increased IF/TA is a morphological indicator of poor prognosis across the full spectrum of kidney diseases.
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