Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO–Virgo Network

R Abbott,H Abe,F Acernese,K Ackley,S Adhicary,N Adhikari,R X Adhikari,V K Adkins,V B Adya,C Affeldt,D Agarwal,M Agathos,O D Aguiar,L Aiello,A Ain,P Ajith,T Akutsu,S Albanesi,R A Alfaidi,C Alléné,A Allocca,P A Altin,A Amato,S Anand,A Ananyeva,S B Anderson,W G Anderson,M Ando,T Andrade,N Andres,M Andrés-Carcasona,T Andrić,S Ansoldi,J M Antelis,S Antier,T Apostolatos,E Z Appavuravther,S Appert,S K Apple,K Arai,A Araya,M C Araya,J S Areeda,M Arène,N Aritomi,N Arnaud,M Arogeti,S M Aronson,H Asada,G Ashton,Y Aso,M Assiduo,S Assis De Souza Melo,S M Aston,P Astone,F Aubin,K Aultoneal,S Babak,F Badaracco,C Badger,S Bae,Y Bae,S Bagnasco,Y Bai,J G Baier,J Baird,R Bajpai,T Baka,M Ball,G Ballardin,S W Ballmer,G Baltus,S Banagiri,B Banerjee,D Bankar,J C Barayoga,B C Barish,D Barker,P Barneo,F Barone,B Barr,L Barsotti,M Barsuglia,D Barta,J Bartlett,M A Barton,I Bartos,S Basak,R Bassiri,A Basti,M Bawaj,J C Bayley,M Bazzan,B Bécsy,V M Bedakihale,F Beirnaert,M Bejger,I Belahcene,A S Bell,V Benedetto,D Beniwal,W Benoit,J D Bentley,M Benyaala,S Bera,M Berbel,F Bergamin,B K Berger,S Bernuzzi,M Beroiz,C P L Berry,D Bersanetti,A Bertolini,J Betzwieser,D Beveridge,R Bhandare,A V Bhandari,U Bhardwaj,R Bhatt,D Bhattacharjee,S Bhaumik,A Bianchi,I A Bilenko,M Bilicki,G Billingsley,S Bini,O Birnholtz,S Biscans,M Bischi,S Biscoveanu,A Bisht,B Biswas,M Bitossi,M.-A Bizouard,J K Blackburn,C D Blair,D G Blair,R M Blair,F Bobba,N Bode,M Boër,G Bogaert,M Boldrini,G N Bolingbroke,L D Bonavena,R Bondarescu,F Bondu,E Bonilla,R Bonnand,P Booker,R Bork,V Boschi,N Bose,S Bose,V Bossilkov,V Boudart,Y Bouffanais,A Bozzi,C Bradaschia,P R Brady,A Bramley,A Branch,M Branchesi,J E Brau,M Breschi,T Briant,J H Briggs,A Brillet,M Brinkmann,P Brockill,A F Brooks,J Brooks,D D Brown,S Brunett,G Bruno,R Bruntz,J Bryant,F Bucci,J Buchanan,T Bulik,H J Bulten,A Buonanno,K Burtnyk,R Buscicchio,D Buskulic,C Buy,R L Byer,G S Cabourn Davies,G Cabras,R Cabrita,L Cadonati,G Cagnoli,C Cahillane,J Calderón Bustillo,J D Callaghan,T A Callister,E Calloni,J B Camp,M Canepa,G Caneva,M Cannavacciuolo,K C Cannon,H Cao,Z Cao,L A Capistran,E Capocasa,E Capote,G Carapella,F Carbognani,M Carlassara,J B Carlin,M Carpinelli,G Carrillo,J J Carter,G Carullo,J Casanueva Diaz,C Casentini,G Castaldi,S Caudill,M Cavaglià,F Cavalier,R Cavalieri,G Cella,P Cerdá-Durán,E Cesarini,W Chaibi,W Chakalis,S Chalathadka Subrahmanya,E Champion,C.-H Chan,C Chan,C L Chan,K Chan,M Chan,K Chandra,I P Chang,W Chang,P Chanial,S Chao,C Chapman-Bird,P Charlton,E Chassande-Mottin,C Chatterjee,Debarati Chatterjee,Deep Chatterjee,M Chaturvedi,S Chaty,K Chatziioannou,C Chen,D Chen,H Y Chen,J Chen,K Chen,X Chen,Y.-B Chen,Y.-R Chen,Y Chen,H Cheng,P Chessa,H Y Cheung,H Y Chia,F Chiadini,C-Y Chiang,G Chiarini,R Chierici,A Chincarini,M L Chiofalo,A Chiummo,R K Choudhary,S Choudhary,N Christensen,Q Chu,Y-K Chu,S S Y Chua,K W Chung,G Ciani,P Ciecielag,M Cieślar,M Cifaldi,A A Ciobanu,R Ciolfi,F Clara,J A Clark,T A Clarke,P Clearwater,S Clesse,F Cleva,E Coccia,E Codazzo,P.-F Cohadon,D E Cohen,M Colleoni,C G Collette,A Colombo,M Colpi,C M Compton,L Conti,S J Cooper,P Corban,T R Corbitt,I Cordero-Carrión,S Corezzi,N J Cornish,A Corsi,S Cortese,A C Coschizza,R Cotesta,R Cottingham,M W Coughlin,J.-P Coulon,S T Countryman,B Cousins,P Couvares,D M Coward,M J Cowart,D C Coyne,R Coyne,K Craig,J D E Creighton,T D Creighton,A W Criswell,M Croquette,S G Crowder,J R Cudell,T J Cullen,A Cumming,R Cummings,E Cuoco,M Curyło,P Dabadie,T Dal Canton,S Dall’Osso,G Dálya,A Dana,B D’Angelo,S Danilishin,S D’Antonio,K Danzmann,C Darsow-Fromm,A Dasgupta,L E H Datrier,Sayak Datta,Sayantani Datta,V Dattilo,I Dave,M Davier,D Davis,M C Davis,E J Daw,M Dax,D Debra,M Deenadayalan,J Degallaix,M De Laurentis,S Deléglise,V Del Favero,F De Lillo,N De Lillo,D Dell’Aquila,W Del Pozzo,F De Matteis,V D’Emilio,N Demos,T Dent,A Depasse,R De Pietri,R De Rosa,C De Rossi,R Desalvo,R De Simone,S Dhurandhar,R Diab,M C Díaz,N A Didio,T Dietrich,L Di Fiore,C Di Fronzo,C Di 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Husa,S H Huttner,R Huxford,T Huynh-Dinh,J Hyland,G A Iandolo,S Ide,B Idzkowski,A Iess,K Inayoshi,Y Inoue,P Iosif,J Irwin,Ish Gupta,M Isi,K Ito,Y Itoh,B R Iyer,V Jaberianhamedan,T Jacqmin,P.-E Jacquet,S J Jadhav,S P Jadhav,T Jain,A L James,A Z Jan,K Jani,J Janquart,K Janssens,N N Janthalur,P Jaranowski,D Jariwala,S Jarov,R Jaume,A C Jenkins,K Jenner,C Jeon,W Jia,J Jiang,H.-B Jin,G R Johns,R Johnston,N Johny,A W Jones,D I Jones,P Jones,R Jones,P Joshi,L Ju,K Jung,P Jung,J Junker,V Juste,K Kaihotsu,T Kajita,M Kakizaki,C Kalaghatgi,V Kalogera,B Kamai,M Kamiizumi,N Kanda,S Kandhasamy,G Kang,J B Kanner,Y Kao,S J Kapadia,D P Kapasi,S Karat,C Karathanasis,S Karki,R Kashyap,M Kasprzack,W Kastaun,T Kato,S Katsanevas,E Katsavounidis,W Katzman,T Kaur,K Kawabe,K Kawaguchi,F Kéfélian,D Keitel,J S Key,S Khadka,F Y Khalili,S Khan,T Khanam,E A Khazanov,N Khetan,M Khursheed,N Kijbunchoo,C Kim,J C Kim,J Kim,K Kim,P Kim,W S Kim,Y.-M Kim,C Kimball,N Kimura,B King,M Kinley-Hanlon,R Kirchhoff,J S Kissel,S Klimenko,T Klinger,A M Knee,N Knust,Y Kobayashi,P Koch,S M Koehlenbeck,G Koekoek,K Kohri,K Kokeyama,S Koley,P Kolitsidou,M Kolstein,V Kondrashov,A K H Kong,A Kontos,M Korobko,R V Kossak,M Kovalam,N Koyama,D B Kozak,C Kozakai,L Kranzhoff,V Kringel,N V Krishnendu,A Królak,G Kuehn,P Kuijer,S Kulkarni,A Kumar,Praveen Kumar,Prayush Kumar,Rahul Kumar,Rakesh Kumar,J Kume,K Kuns,Y Kuromiya,S Kuroyanagi,S Kuwahara,K Kwak,G Lacaille,P Lagabbe,D Laghi,E Lalande,M Lalleman,A Lamberts,M Landry,B B Lane,R N Lang,J Lange,B Lantz,I La Rosa,A Lartaux-Vollard,P D Lasky,J Lawrence,M Laxen,A Lazzarini,C Lazzaro,P Leaci,S Leavey,S Lebohec,Y K Lecoeuche,E Lee,H M Lee,K Lee,R Lee,I N Legred,J Lehmann,A Lemaître,M Lenti,M Leonardi,E Leonova,N Leroy,N Letendre,C Levesque,Y Levin,J N Leviton,K Leyde,A K Y Li,B Li,K L Li,P Li,T G F Li,X Li,C-Y Lin,E T Lin,F-K Lin,F-L Lin,H L Lin,L C.-C Lin,F Linde,S D Linker,T B Littenberg,A Liu,G C Liu,J Liu,X Liu,F Llamas,R K L Lo,T Lo,L T London,A Longo,D Lopez,M Lopez 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Meijer,A Melatos,G Mendell,A Menendez-Vazquez,C S Menoni,R A Mercer,L Mereni,K Merfeld,E L Merilh,J D Merritt,M Merzougui,C Messenger,C Messick,P M Meyers,F Meylahn,A Mhaske,A Miani,H Miao,I Michaloliakos,C Michel,Y Michimura,H Middleton,D P Mihaylov,A Miller,A L Miller,B Miller,M Millhouse,J C Mills,E Milotti,Y Minenkov,N Mio,Ll M Mir,M Miravet-Tenés,A Mishkin,A Mishra,C Mishra,T Mishra,T Mistry,A L Mitchell,S Mitra,V P Mitrofanov,G Mitselmakher,R Mittleman,O Miyakawa,K Miyo,S Miyoki,Geoffrey Mo,L M Modafferi,E Moguel,K Mogushi,S R P Mohapatra,S R Mohite,M Molina-Ruiz,C Mondal,M Mondin,M Montani,C J Moore,J Moragues,D Moraru,F Morawski,A More,S More,C Moreno,G Moreno,Y Mori,S Morisaki,N Morisue,Y Moriwaki,B Mours,C M Mow-Lowry,S Mozzon,F Muciaccia,D Mukherjee,Soma Mukherjee,Subroto Mukherjee,Suvodip Mukherjee,N Mukund,A Mullavey,J Munch,E A Muñiz,P G Murray,S Muusse,S L Nadji,K Nagano,A Nagar,T Nagar,K Nakamura,H Nakano,M Nakano,Y Nakayama,V Napolano,I Nardecchia,H Narola,L Naticchioni,R K Nayak,B F Neil,J Neilson,A Nelson,T J N Nelson,M Nery,P Neubauer,A Neunzert,K Y Ng,S W S Ng,C Nguyen,P Nguyen,T Nguyen,L Nguyen Quynh,J Ni,W.-T Ni,S A Nichols,G Nieradka,T Nishimoto,A Nishizawa,S Nissanke,E Nitoglia,W Niu,F Nocera,M Norman,C North,J Notte,J Novak,S Nozaki,G Nurbek,L K Nuttall,Y Obayashi,J Oberling,B D O’Brien,J O’Dell,E Oelker,M Oertel,W Ogaki,G Oganesyan,J J Oh,K Oh,S H Oh,T O’Hanlon,M Ohashi,T Ohashi,M Ohkawa,F Ohme,H Ohta,Y Okutani,R Oliveri,C Olivetto,K Oohara,R Oram,B O’Reilly,R G Ormiston,N D Ormsby,M Orselli,R O’Shaughnessy,E O’Shea,S Oshino,S Ossokine,C Osthelder,S Otabe,D J Ottaway,H Overmier,A E Pace,G Pagano,R Pagano,G Pagliaroli,A Pai,S A Pai,S Pal,J R Palamos,O Palashov,C Palomba,K.-C Pan,P K Panda,P T H Pang,F Pannarale,B C Pant,F H Panther,F Paoletti,A Paoli,A Paolone,G Pappas,A Parisi,J Park,W Parker,D Pascucci,A Pasqualetti,R Passaquieti,D Passuello,M Patel,N R Patel,M Pathak,B Patricelli,A S Patron,S Paul,E Payne,M Pedraza,R Pedurand,R 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Suzuki,Toshikazu Suzuki,B L Swinkels,A Syx,M J Szczepańczyk,P Szewczyk,M Tacca,H Tagoshi,S C Tait,H Takahashi,R Takahashi,S Takano,H Takeda,M Takeda,C J Talbot,C Talbot,N Tamanini,K Tanaka,Taiki Tanaka,Takahiro Tanaka,A J Tanasijczuk,S Tanioka,D B Tanner,D Tao,L Tao,R D Tapia,E N Tapia San Martín,C Taranto,A Taruya,J D Tasson,R Tenorio,J E S Terhune,L Terkowski,H Themann,M P Thirugnanasambandam,M Thomas,P Thomas,S Thomas,D Thompson,E E Thompson,J E Thompson,S R Thondapu,K A Thorne,E Thrane,Shubhanshu Tiwari,Srishti Tiwari,V Tiwari,A M Toivonen,A E Tolley,T Tomaru,T Tomura,M Tonelli,A Torres-Forné,C I Torrie,I Tosta E Melo,E Tournefier,D Töyrä,A Trapananti,F Travasso,G Traylor,J Trenado,M Trevor,M C Tringali,A Tripathee,L Troiano,A Trovato,L Trozzo,R J Trudeau,D Tsai,K W Tsang,T Tsang,J-S Tsao,M Tse,R Tso,S Tsuchida,L Tsukada,D Tsuna,T Tsutsui,K Turbang,M Turconi,C Turski,D Tuyenbayev,H Ubach,A S Ubhi,T Uchiyama,R P Udall,A Ueda,T Uehara,K Ueno,G Ueshima,C S Unnikrishnan,A L Urban,T Ushiba,A Utina,H Vahlbruch,N Vaidya,G Vajente,A Vajpeyi,G Valdes,M Valentini,S Vallero,V Valsan,N Van Bakel,M Van Beuzekom,M Van Dael,J F J Van Den Brand,C Van Den Broeck,D C Vander-Hyde,A Van De Walle,J Van Dongen,H Van Haevermaet,J V Van Heijningen,J Vanosky,M H P M Van Putten,Z Van Ranst,N Van Remortel,M Vardaro,A F Vargas,V Varma,M Vasúth,A Vecchio,G Vedovato,J Veitch,P J Veitch,J Venneberg,G Venugopalan,P Verdier,D Verkindt,P Verma,Y Verma,S M Vermeulen,D Veske,F Vetrano,A Viceré,S Vidyant,A D Viets,A Vijaykumar,V Villa-Ortega,J.-Y Vinet,A Virtuoso,S Vitale,H Vocca,E R G Von Reis,J S A Von Wrangel,C Vorvick,S P Vyatchanin,L E Wade,M Wade,K J Wagner,R C Walet,M Walker,G S Wallace,L Wallace,J Wang,J Z Wang,W H Wang,R L Ward,J Warner,M Was,T Washimi,N Y Washington,K Watada,D Watarai,J Watchi,K E Wayt,B Weaver,C R Weaving,S A Webster,M Weinert,A J Weinstein,R Weiss,C M Weller,R A Weller,F Wellmann,L Wen,P Weßels,K Wette,J T Whelan,D D White,B F Whiting,C Whittle,O S Wilk,D Wilken,C E 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doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83

Abstract

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions to gravitational wave (GW) signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by (1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, (2) calculating the degree of overlap among the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, (3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms among pairs of signals, and (4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by (1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and (2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the nondetection of GW lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects.

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