Abstract
Background: The aim of this analysis was to ascertain the type of relationship between fish and seafood consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) intake, and depression prevalence. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Fish and seafood consumption and ω-3 PUFA intake were assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Self-reported life-time medical diagnosis of depression or use of antidepressants was considered as outcome. Depressive symptoms were collected by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between seafood products and ω-3 PUFA consumption and depression. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to assess the association between fish and long-chain (LC) ω-3 PUFA intake and depressive symptoms. Results: Out of 6587 participants, there were 1367 cases of depression. Total seafood consumption was not associated with depression. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles of consumption of fatty fish were 0.77 (0.63–0.94), 0.71 (0.58–0.87), and 0.78 (0.64–0.96), respectively, and p for trend = 0.759. Moderate intake of total LC ω-3 PUFA (approximately 0.5–1 g/day) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depression. Conclusion: In our study, moderate fish and LC ω-3 PUFA intake, but not high intake, was associated with lower odds of depression suggesting a U-shaped relationship.
Highlights
Unipolar depression is identified as one of the leading causes of burden of disease worldwide, measured in adjusted life years [1]
We identified 1367 participants at baseline with life-time prevalence of depression
Total seafood consumption was not associated with depression
Summary
Unipolar depression is identified as one of the leading causes of burden of disease worldwide, measured in adjusted life years [1]. According to the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research, the growth in scientific research related to nutrition in psychiatry may be recent, it is at a stage where it can no longer be ignored [3] In this sense, the beneficial effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (LC ω-3 PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the adequate nervous system function is largely known [4]. The aim of this analysis was to ascertain the type of relationship between fish and seafood consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) intake, and depression prevalence. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to assess the association between fish and long-chain (LC) ω-3 PUFA intake and depressive symptoms.
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