Abstract
Development of a comprehensive computer model to estimate long-range, low-frequency reverberation must incorporate models of scattering from rough ocean surfaces. This paper reviews ongoing reverberation research, incorporation of developed segments of the scattering process into a prediction model, and identifies additional theoretical studies which would expand reverberation estimation capabilities. At-sea measurements of mean reverberation spectra have shown that surface reverberation is Doppler shifted from the carrier frequency by an amount predictable by treating the sea surface as a moving diffraction grating. Reverberation spectra also show significant spectral spreading about both the doppler-shifted and carrier (bottom reverberation) components. Forward scattering at the sea surface of signals returning from long-range accounts for the carrier spread, but underestimates the spread of the Doppler-shifted component. Scattering models to estimate this additional spread and to compute efficiently backscattered amplitudes will complete the mean reverberation estimation. Recommended analytic developments include extensions down to 50 Hz and to grazing angles below 10°; scattering dependence on the orientation to a directional sea surface; and spatial, temporal coherence and fluctuation estimates.
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