Abstract
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals can be exploited to remotely sense atmosphere and land and ocean surface to retrieve a range of geophysical parameters. This paper proposes two new methods, termed as power-summation of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PS-D) and pixel-number of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PN-D), to distinguish between sea ice and sea water using differential Delay-Doppler Maps (dDDMs). PS-D and PN-D make use of power-summation and pixel-number of dDDMs, respectively, to measure the degree of difference between two DDMs so as to determine the transition state (water-water, water-ice, ice-ice and ice-water) and hence ice and water are detected. Moreover, an adaptive incoherent averaging of DDMs is employed to improve the computational efficiency. A large number of DDMs recorded by UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) over the Arctic region are used to test the proposed sea ice detection methods. Through evaluating against ground-truth measurements from the Ocean Sea Ice SAF, the proposed PS-D and PN-D methods achieve a probability of detection of 99.72% and 99.69% respectively, while the probability of false detection is 0.28% and 0.31% respectively.
Highlights
Knowledge of sea ice coverage and thickness of the polar region is very important for ship routing [1], oil and gas exploration [2], and global weather studies [3]
Datasets collected over sea water far from collected over sea ice and water field are used and Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) over land are excluded based on the position
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-R DDM measurements collected by the SGR-ReSI on board the TDS-1 satellite are used for distinguishing between sea ice and water
Summary
Knowledge of sea ice coverage and thickness of the polar region is very important for ship routing [1], oil and gas exploration [2], and global weather studies [3]. Airborne and ground-based studies using reflected GNSS signals were performed to explore sea ice concentration [33]. The first result of sea ice detection using TDS-1 GNSS-R DDMs was presented in [40], which proposed a pixel number based sea ice detection method. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated against the existing methods using a large number of TDS-1 DDMs and ground-truth sea ice edge maps. The section of this paper presents the details of the two proposed ice detection methods, including the definition of the new observation variable, the derivation of the formulas, the data processing techniques, and the detection procedures. The final section summarizes the scientific results and indicates future directions for performance enhancement
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