Screening Tests for Early Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders

Abstract

Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) encompasses a diverse group of disorders characterized by the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins or their light-chain components. The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) in South Korea is rapidly increasing, and it is important to be aware of its initial clinical presentations and the most efficient laboratory algorithms for early detection. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) are the primary screening tests for patients with clinically suspected MM or amyloid light-chain amyloidosis; these tests are reimbursed in South Korea. We reviewed clinical studies that applied national and international guidelines to evaluate test panels for early detection of MGs, including MM. The serum free light chain (sFLC) with SPE panel is recommended for the initial work up for diagnosis of MGs. In the case of a normal SPE, sFLC should be measured subsequently, so as not to miss the presence of M-protein. Use of this screening panel avoids medical expenses related to delayed diagnosis. Guidelines and recommendations suggest that no single method (SPE, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, sFLC, or UPE) should be used to exclude a diagnosis of MM. We believe that a screening test panel comprising SPE plus sFLC will increase the rate of early and accurate diagnosis of MM and related disorders.