Abstract
In Japan, Hirschmanniella diversa is an important pest in lotus cultivation in paddy fields and only lime nitrogen is registered for its control. Therefore, additional nematicides are required to control the nematode. The objective of this study was to screen for an effective nematicide. Fourth-stage juveniles and adults of H. diversa sampled from a lotus field were tested in in vitro solution experiments against 37 pesticides that are registered for the pest control of crops in Japan. Carbamate-based benfuracarb, organophosphate-based fenthion, nereistoxin-based cartap hydrochloride and cyanamide showed nematicidal effects against H. diversa. Benfuracarb at 1 μg/mL showed a nematostatic effect on H. diversa in an agar plate assay. Further, H. diversa treated with benfuracarb did not resume activity 7 days post nematicide treatment when transferred to distilled water. Benfuracarb was tested in micro-field experiments, in which H. diversa density and lotus tuber damage levels were monitored. Results showed that benfuracarb reduced H. diversa densities in the roots during the cultivation period in 2012 and consistently reduced damage levels during a five year study period. Thus, benfuracarb is recommended as an effective nematicide to be used for H. diversa control in lotus cultivation.
Highlights
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) cause annual estimated crop losses of US$ 125 billion [1].Among the major groups of PPN are migratory endoparasitic nematodes, which have a destructive mode of feeding by continuously moving through the cells of root tissues, resulting in enormous tissue necrosis [2]
Most pesticides that were categorized as carbamate, organophosphates and nereistoxin showed high H. diversa mortality: carbamates benfuracarb (10 to 100 μg/mL a.s.), alanycarb (100 μg/mL a.s.), carbryl (100 μg/mL a.s.), carbosulfan (10 μg/mL a.s.) and oxyamyl (100 μg/mL a.s.), organophosphates fenthion
There are, few to no studies so far documenting the surveying of nematicides that could be effective in management of H. diversa
Summary
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) cause annual estimated crop losses of US$ 125 billion [1]. Among the major groups of PPN are migratory endoparasitic nematodes, which have a destructive mode of feeding by continuously moving through the cells of root tissues, resulting in enormous tissue necrosis [2]. Species of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus, and the burrowing nematode, Radopholus, are important and migratory endo-parasitic nematodes occurring world-wide [2]. Hirschmanniella is an endo-parasitic nematode and is well adapted to moist habitats [3]. The lotus root nematode, Hirschmanniella diversa, has recently been of major concern causing blackening and deformation in lotus tubers and has decreased their economic value by more than one million dollars per year, affecting. Some farmers have given up lotus farming because of the serious and drastic damages by H. diversa
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