Abstract
Pinus merkusii is empirically used as an antibacterial agent and has been found to have secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effects of pine flower extract on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the underlying mechanism of its antibacterial activity. The antibacterial screening was performed using the disc diffusion method, compound analysis in the extract was carried out using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), molecular docking was performed using Autodock Vina integrated into PyRx, and molecular dynamics simulation was run using YASARA Dynamics. The antibacterial test results showed that the pine flower extract had the highest inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli (1.038 ± 0.169 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.154 ± 0.381 mm). Compound analysis of the pine flower extract showed the presence of Myricetin, Epicatechin, Nepetin, Hispidulin, Kaempferol, Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, and Hesperidin. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation results showed that Epicatechin, Nepetin, and Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside compounds could inhibit bacterial cell wall formation proteins.
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