Abstract
SummaryBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most significant global health problems accompanied by numerous complicatons, with constant increase in the number of affected people. This number is much higher in early phases of disease and patients are mostly asymptomatic, so early detection of CKD is crucial. The aim was examination of the prevalence of CKD in the general population of males in Vojvodina, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and exploring the determinants and awareness of CKD.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 3060 male examinees from the general population, over 18 years of age, whose eGFR and ACR were calculated, first morning urine specimen examined, arterial blood pressure measured and body mass index calculated. Standard biochemistry methods determined creatinine, urea, uric acid and glucose serum concentrations as well as albumin and creatinine urine levels.ResultsPrevalence of CKD in the adult male population is 7.9%, highest in men over 65 years of age (46.7%), while in the other age groups it is 3.6–12.6%. The largest number of examinees with a positive CKD marker suffer from arterial hypertension (HTA) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Only 1.3% of examinees with eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or ACR≥ 3 mg/mmol had been aware of positive CKD biomarkers.ConclusionsObtained results show the prevalence of CKD in adult males is 7.9%, HTA and DM are the most important CKD risk factors and the level of CKD awareness is extremely low (1.3%) indicating the necessity for introduction of early stage disease recognition measures, including raising CKD awareness.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormality of kidney structure or function, present for ≥ 3 months with implications for health [1]
Abnormalities of kidney structure or function include: pathological findings in urine sediment, pathological albuminuria (≥ 30 mg/24 h or urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 3 mg/mmoL), electrolytic disbalance and other abnormalities caused by tubular defects, histopathological damages, structural damages detected by visual inspection, history of kidney transplantation and/or glomerulus filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of CKD in the general population of adult males in Vojvodina–Northern Serbia, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and to explore the determinants and awareness of CKD
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormality of kidney structure or function, present for ≥ 3 months with implications for health [1]. Chronic kidney disease is divided into 5 stages based on the GFR level and albuminuria or ACR [1]. Number of CKD patients is constantly increasing and epidemiologic data is mostly related to late stages of the disease [2]. More than 50% of CKD patients die from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) before the beginning of treatment with one of the methods for renal function replacement, that is, the risk of CVD in these patients is higher than the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [7]
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