Abstract
A large proportion of cases with chronic conditions including diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia remain undiagnosed. To include reproductive factors (RF) might be able to improve current screening guidelines by providing extra effectiveness. The objective is to study the relationships between RFs and chronic conditions’ biomarkers. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Demographics, RFs and metabolic biomarkers were collected. The relationship of the metabolic biomarkers were shown by correlation analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and autoencoder were compared by cross-validation. The better one was adopted to extract a single marker, the general chronic condition (GCC), to represent the body’s chronic conditions. Multivariate linear regression was performed to explore the relationship between GCC and RFs. In total, 1,656 postmenopausal females were included. A multi-layer autoencoder outperformed PCA in the dimensionality reduction performance. The extracted variable by autoencoder, GCC, was verified to be representative of three chronic conditions (AUC for patoglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 0.844, 0.824 and 0.805 respectively). Linear regression showed that earlier age at menarche (OR = 0.9976) and shorter reproductive life span (OR = 0.9895) were associated with higher GCC. Autoencoder performed well in the dimensionality reduction of clinical metabolic biomarkers. Due to high accessibility and effectiveness, RFs have potential to be included in screening tools for general chronic conditions and could enhance current screening guidelines.
Highlights
A large proportion of cases with chronic conditions including diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia remain undiagnosed
The objective of the current study is to explore the relationship between reproductive factors (RF) and chronic conditions in order to assess the application of RFs as preliminary screening tools for general chronic conditions in women, so as to allow for the early diagnosis and intervention
A similar finding was apparent for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), TC, fasting plasma glucose, OGTT 2 h plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
Summary
A large proportion of cases with chronic conditions including diabetes or pre-diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia remain undiagnosed. A large proportion of cases with hypertension[6] and hyperlipidemia[7] are unware of their condition, in low and middle income countries[8] Screening of those at risk of chronic conditions is of significance for both individuals and wider society, yet there are gaps in current practices. To include novel or extra factors might help to identify high risk groups more accurately and has the potential to improve current screening guidelines for chronic conditions, in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency. It is important to note that RFs are highly accessible in all medical settings with low cost, we hypothesized that RFs are associated with chronic conditions and, as novel factors, might be able to improve current screening guidelines to assess women’s risk of chronic conditions[21]
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