Screening for Associated Autoimmunity in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

Abstract

Background/Aims: Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with autoimmune thyroid, celiac, autoimmune gastric and Addison’s disease. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of associated autoantibodies in relation to the demographic and β-cell autoantibody status (anti-GAD). Methods: Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG IgA), parietal cells (APCA) and adrenal tissue (AAA) were measured in 144 children with T1DM with a mean ± SD age of 12.3 ± 4.6 years and a diabetes duration of 4.6 ± 3.8 years. Results: The prevalence of antibody positivity among our patients was: anti-GAD 53.2%, anti-thyroid (anti-TPO 17.4%, anti-Tg 11.1%); anti-tTG IgA 7.6%, APCA 4.0%, and AAA 0%. Among the children with positive anti-thyroid antibodies, 60% developed autoimmune thyroiditis, while among those anti-tTG IgA positive, 62.5% developed biopsy-confirmed celiac disease. Female gender was more frequent among anti-tTG IgA-positive patients (OR 4.47, p = 0.068), while increasing age was associated with anti-Tg positivity (OR 22.9, p = 0.041). The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies was associated with the presence of anti-GAD (OR 1.45, p = 0.01) and parietal cell antibodies (OR 4.98, p = 0.09). Conclusion: Among T1DM patients, the prevalence rates of anti-thyroid and parietal cell antibodies increased with age and diabetes duration. As the presence of anti-GAD was associated with gastric and thyroid autoimmunity, it could serve as marker for the development of additional autoimmunity in adolescents with diabetes.