Screening for γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-rich Tomato Varieties

Abstract

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that is present in a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Because of its antihypertensive effect on the human body, the demand for naturally occurring GABA has increased recently in the Japanese food industry. In this study, we evaluated the GABA content of tomato fruits of 61 commercial cultivars, wild species, and wild derivatives in 2005 and 2006 to screen for resources to breed a GABA-rich cultivar. GABA contents in tomato fruits greatly varied among the tested varieties and were poorly reproducible between the tested years. GABA-rich candidates selected from the screening were then subjected to salinity-stressed cultivation using the NFT system to assess their suitability for cultivation to produce GABA-rich fruit. Based on the results of two screenings and the salinity-stress cultivation test, ‘DG03-9’ was selected as a GABA-rich cultivar. The accumulation profiles for GABA, glutamine, and glutamic and aspartic acid during fruit development were also investigated in ‘DG03-9’ and ‘House Momotaro’ under salinity stress. The GABA content peaked at 24 days after flowering (DAF) in ‘DG03-9’ and 36 DAF in ‘House Momotaro’, and then declined during ripening. Salinity stress apparently promoted GABA accumulation during the early developing stages, but its effect on GABA decrease was different between the varieties. Although the GABA content in red mature fruits of ‘DG03-9’ was higher than that in fruits of ‘House Momotaro’ under normal and saline conditions, the maximum contents were almost the same in both cultivars. These results suggest that the lower reduction rate of GABA during the ripening stage causes high GABA accumulation in ‘DG03-9’ fruit. This variety will be a useful resource in the breeding of new GABA-rich cultivars. Additionally, we utilized an enzymatic assay with GABase to quantify GABA content in tomato fruit. This method will be a powerful screening tool for breeding.