Abstract
Analysis of sweat chloride levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential not only for diagnosis but also for the monitoring of therapeutic responses to new drugs, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators. Using iontophoresis as the gold standard can cause complications like burns, is uncomfortable, and requires repetitive hospital visits, which can be particularly problematic during a pandemic, where distancing and hygiene requirements are increased; therefore, it is necessary to develop fast and simple measures for the diagnosis and monitoring of CF. A screen-printed, low-cost chloride sensor was developed to remotely monitor CF patients. Using potentiometric measurements, the performance of the sensor was tested. It showed good sensitivity and a detection limit of 2.7 × 10−5 mol/L, which covered more than the complete concentration range of interest for CF diagnosis. Due to its fast response of 30 s, it competes well with standard sensor systems. It also offers significantly reduced costs and can be used as a portable device. The analysis of real sweat samples from healthy subjects, as well as CF patients, demonstrates a proper distinction using the screen-printed sensor. This approach presents an attractive remote measurement alternative for fast, simple, and low-cost CF diagnosis and monitoring
Highlights
Sweat analysis is an emerging field that provides insights into human health, and over the last few years has become an attractive, non-invasive alternative to blood analysis [1,2,3,4,5]
cystic fibrosis (CF), it is mandatory that the sensor covers
To apply the chloride sensor for the initial diagnosis of CF, it is mandatory that the sensor covers
Summary
Sweat analysis is an emerging field that provides insights into human health, and over the last few years has become an attractive, non-invasive alternative to blood analysis [1,2,3,4,5]. The development of so-called wearable devices increases rapidly due to new techniques of miniaturization, flexibility, and low-cost production. Most of them use electrochemical sensors, especially ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), to analyze specific ions in sweat. Due to new developments in printing paste technologies, it is possible to produce screen-printed, ion-selective electrodes on flexible polymeric substrates, which are inexpensive, due to mass fabrication [6,7,8]. Screen-printing technology is preferred for the production of disposable, low-cost sweat sensors with small dimensions, in contrast
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