Abstract
Novel reliable and cost-effective potentiometric screen-printed sensors for free bilirubin (BR) detection were presented. The sensors were fabricated using ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) as an ion-to-electron transducer. The ion-association complex [Ni(bphen)3]2+[BR]2− was utilized as a sensory recognition material in the plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) membrane. The membrane was drop-casted on the OMC layer, which is attached on a carbon conductor (2-mm diameter). In a 50 mM phosphate solution of pH 8.5, the electrodes offered a Nernstian slope of −26.8 ± 1.1 (r2 = 0.9997) mV/decade with a range of linearity 1.0 × 10−6–1 × 10−2 M towards free bilirubin with a detection limit 8.8 × 10−7 M (0.52 µg/mL). The presented sensors offered good features in terms of reliability, ease of design, high potential stability, high specificity and good accuracy and precision. Chronopotentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectrometric measurements were used for short-term potential stability and interfacial capacitance calculations. The sensors were used for the determination of free bilirubin in biological fluids. The data obtained are fairly well consistent with those obtained by the reference spectophotometric method. Based on the interaction of free BR with albumin (1:1), the sensors were also utilized for the assessment of albumin in human serum.
Highlights
Bilirubin (BR) is a tetrapyrrole compound that can be found in digestive juice due to the breakdown of hemoglobin (Hb) in vertebrates [1]
The sensors revealed a Nernstian slope of −26.8 ± 1.1 (r2 = 0.9997) mV/decade over the linear range of 1.0 × 10−6 –1 × 10−2 M with a detection limit 8.8 × 10−7 M (0.52 μg/mL)
Novel screen-printed electrodes based on potentiometric transduction were fabricated and presented for free bilirubin detection
Summary
Bilirubin (BR) is a tetrapyrrole compound that can be found in digestive juice due to the breakdown of hemoglobin (Hb) in vertebrates [1]. It exists in two forms, un-conjugated bilirubin (UCB), which is water insoluble and binds to albumin in serum, and conjugated bilirubin (CB). Free bilirubin can accumulate in brain tissue, leading to irreversible damage. This damage can lead to death through various neurological deficits, seizures, abnormal reflexes and eye movements. The reference concentration level of free BR in healthy adults’ serum is 5–34 μM; in hyperbilirubinemia newborns, the level of free BR is higher than 500 μM [7]. It is very important to monitor the level of free BR in Chemosensors 2020, 8, 86; doi:10.3390/chemosensors8030086 www.mdpi.com/journal/chemosensors
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