Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) defined the terminology ‘Oral Potentially malignant disorders’ (OPMD) as the presence of risk of malignancy in a lesion or condition either during the time of initial diagnosis or at a future date with the commonly accepted prevalence of 1–5%. All OPMDs may not transform into malignancy, many factors have been explored which effectively assess the risk of malignant transformation in OPMDs including many clinical, pathological and molecular factors. Qualitative & experimental factors of different cells in cytological preparations and/or biopsy specimens are reliable parameters for pathologists. The analysis and assessment of histological units can be enhanced by image analysis assisted by a computer that can be used for statistical comparisons. Fractal geometry is considered to be an ideal method of image analysis in quantitative microscopy & histopathology. Fractal dimension analysis is not only limited to determining cell and tumour types but can also be used for determining cellular behaviours in vitro such as cell migration, apoptosis and cellular differentiation, which can be a useful characterization of oral cancer lines and further help in the treatment planning.
 Keywords: Oral Cancer, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs), Conventional morphometry, Fractal Dimension, Photomicrograph
Highlights
World Health Organization (WHO) defined the terminology ‘Oral Potentially malignant disorders’ (OPMD) as the presence of risk of malignancy in a lesion or condition either during the time of initial diagnosis or at a future date with the commonly accepted prevalence of 1– 5%. [1] Early diagnosis of OPMDs and OSCC can increase survival which may be achieved by both non-invasive and invasive techniques.pathologists diverge in the importance they give to particular histopathologic features and the interpretation of dysplasia varies from one pathologist to another
All OPMDs may not transform into malignancy, many factors have been explored which effectively assess the risk of malignant transformation in OPMDs including many clinical, pathological and molecular factors
A three-step process including preprocessing the photomicrograph followed by extraction and analysis of relevant features like fractal dimension, textural features and entropy etc. has proven to diagnose and prognose cancer
Summary
World Health Organization (WHO) defined the terminology ‘Oral Potentially malignant disorders’ (OPMD) as the presence of risk of malignancy in a lesion or condition either during the time of initial diagnosis or at a future date with the commonly accepted prevalence of 1– 5%. [1] Early diagnosis of OPMDs and OSCC can increase survival which may be achieved by both non-invasive and invasive techniques. Conventional morphometry, a concept derived from Euclidean geometry has been applied in computer-assisted histopathology image analysis to correlate the size and shape of cell/ nucleus with clinical outcome in cancer. This method has studied its application assuming ideal and regular geometrical shapes of cells. Fractal geometry permits structures to objectively quantify the geometric parameter of cell and other tissue architecture even if their form is irregular It helps to clarify the doubt of internal gaseous exchange at the surface of the lungs which is homogenous; competently ventilated & perfusion takes place at a low energetic cost. A detailed analysis of articles related to conventional morphometry in OPMD & OSCC published only in journals indexed in PUBMED has been tabulated in table 1
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