Abstract
Background: SCN1A is one of the most common epilepsy genes. About 80% of SCN1A gene mutations cause Dravet syndrome (DS), which is a severe and catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy. More than 1,800 mutations have been identified in SCN1A. Although it is known that SCN1A is the main cause of DS and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), there is a dearth of information on the other related diseases caused by mutations of SCN1A.Objective: The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature associated with SCN1A and other non-DS-related disorders.Methods: We searched PubMed and SCOPUS for all the published cases related to gene mutations of SCN1A until October 20, 2021. The results reported by each study were summarized narratively.Results: The PubMed and SCOPUS search yielded 2,889 items. A total of 453 studies published between 2005 and 2020 met the final inclusion criteria. Overall, 303 studies on DS, 93 on GEFS+, three on Doose syndrome, nine on the epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), six on the West syndrome, two on the Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS), one on the Rett syndrome, seven on the nonsyndromic epileptic encephalopathy (NEE), 19 on hemiplegia migraine, six on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), two on nonepileptic SCN1A-related sudden deaths, and two on the arthrogryposis multiplex congenital were included.Conclusion: Aside from DS, SCN1A also causes other epileptic encephalopathies, such as GEFS+, Doose syndrome, EIMFS, West syndrome, LGS, Rett syndrome, and NEE. In addition to epilepsy, hemiplegic migraine, ASD, sudden death, and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital can also be caused by mutations of SCN1A.
Highlights
Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) channels play an essential role in normal neurological function [1], especially in the initiation and propagation of action potential
We have previously found in animal models that GABRG2 mutations can cause GEFS+ [27]
Na et al performed targeted gene panel sequencing for 150 early onset Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) infants aged ≤3 months and only one patient with SCN1A mutation was found. These findings indicate that the phenotypic heterogeneity of SCN1A mutation has extended to West syndrome (Figure 2, Table 1)
Summary
Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) channels play an essential role in normal neurological function [1], especially in the initiation and propagation of action potential. Nine α subunits of sodium channels have been found and confirmed (Nav1.1–Nav1.9) These channels are composed of four homologous but distinct domains (DI–DIV), each of which contains six transmembrane segments (S1–S6) [2] (Figures 2, 3). In addition to gene mutations of SCN1A that can cause DS, other genes include PCDH19, SCN2A, SCN8A, SCN1B, GABRA1, GABRG2, GABRB3, STXBP1, HCN1, CHD2, and KCNA2 can cause DS or DS-like phenotypes [4]. They are closely related to other epileptic diseases and nonepileptic diseases [5,6,7,8,9,10]. It is known that SCN1A is the main cause of DS and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), there is a dearth of information on the other related diseases caused by mutations of SCN1A
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