Abstract
Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia borealis . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium perenne and various cereals, forage grasses and lawn grasses (including Triticum cultivars, Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Poa pratensis, Secale cereale ). DISEASE: Snow scald, snow mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan, USSR; Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (AK, MN, WA) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases , No. 446). TRANSMISSION: Penetration of the fungus has been shown to occur ( in vitro ) through stomata and intercellularly. In the field disease entry can be facilitated by injury which is increased by slight freezing of the soil, a thick snow cover and slow melting of the snow in the spring. Sclerotia develop within the culms, digesting and to some extent incorporating the host tissue. Sclerotia may also be present on the leaves. Germination of sclerotia occurs to produce apothecia, with the subsequent production of ascospores which may then become the infective agents. The development of apothecia and the dissemination of ascospores are favoured by long, rainy autumns.
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