Scion/Rootstock Interaction Studies for Quality Traits in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Varieties

Mango (Mangifera indica), often referred to as the "king of fruits," is a staple of tropical fruit production, offering high economic and nutritional value. However, mangoes are highly perishable, facing challenges like significant post-harvest losses due to rapid physiological weight loss, reduced fruit firmness, and shortened shelf life. To address these issues, this study evaluated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the physical, chemical, and storage characteristics of mangoes, aiming to improve post-harvest quality and extend their marketability. The experiment, conducted at Girija Prasad Koirala College of Agriculture and Research Centre (GPCAR), used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six GA3 treatments (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm). Uniformly sized, newly harvested ripe mangoes were treated with GA3 solutions for 10 minutes, with parameters such as physiological weight loss, total soluble solids, pulp pH, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity assessed after three days. The results revealed that mangoes treated with 400 ppm GA3 had the lowest physiological weight loss (35.75%), highest fruit firmness (1.14), and longest shelf life, with the Maldah variety performing best. Future studies could focus on optimizing GA3 application for diverse mango varieties and explore its integration with advanced storage technologies to further reduce post-harvest losses and improve global mango supply chains.

Long term performance of mango varieties on five polyembryonic rootstocks under subtropical conditions: effect on vigour, yield, fruit quality and nutrient acquisition

Fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients for mankind. Among the various fruits available in Bangladesh, mango occupies a vital place in the human nutrition for its delicious taste and higher nutritious value. In this study, five mango varieties, viz. Fazli, Amrupali, Langra, Gopalbogh and Misribogh, were tested to evaluate the quality of these mango varieties available in Northern Bangladesh. Physiochemical characteristics, including moisture, ash, total carbohydrates, total solids, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, acidity, total sugars and ascorbic acid contents were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant (p< 0.05) differences among mangoes of all varieties for physicochemical parameters. In case of proximate composition, the mango variety Amrupali showed the highest ash content (2.34±0.15) and fat content (1.18±0.13). Protein content (0.94±0.12) and total fiber (2.67%) content was shown to be the highest by Gopalbogh and Misribogh, respectively. The selected mango varieties contained TSS of 12.87~20.55oBrix, pH of 4.45~4.67, titrable acidity of 0.07~0.42%, reducing sugar of 8.40~15.43%, non-reducing sugar of 9.24~10.48%, and total sugarof 18.88~25.12%. The study findings would be helpful for the consumers, dietitian and industry policymakers.

An experiment was conducted on characterization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties using morphological characters for selection of best pickle varieties for pickle making, at Horticultural Research Station, Ananthrajupet, Andhra Pradesh during 2015-16. Eleven mango varieties were characterized morphologically for fruit and stone characters. The bigger fruit-sized was seen in Gaddemar, while smaller-sized fruits were in Alipasand and Amrigola. Other collections exhibited medium-sized fruits. Gaddemar showed maximum fruit weight (936.2g), fruit width (111.19 mm) and pulp thickness (1.68 mm), whereas Amrigola exhibited lowest fruit weight (76.5g), fruit width (52.26 mm) and pulp thickness (10.20 mm). The mango variety, Chilaka Mukku showed highest TSS (14.6° Brix) and minimum TSS in Alipasand (6.5° brix). Peddarasam showed maximum stone weight (102.5g) and lowest stone weight in Amrigola (8.0g). Gaddemar showed highest fiber length (16.72 mm) while least fiber length (2.8 mm) was noted in Peddarasam. Gaddemar and Alipasand were identified for pickle making due to higher acidity, presence of fibre and lower TSS values.

The research work entitled “Influence of growth regulators, nutrients, seaweed extract and pruning on physiological loss in weight and moisture content during ripening of Mango Cv. Kesar” was conducted at Sabalpur region of Junagadh. Gujarat. The foliar application of chemicals (4 and 6% KNO3, 4 and 6% CaNO3), growth regulator (100 and 200 ppm of 6-BA), seaweed extract (3 and 5%) and soil application of paclobutrazol (5 and 7.5 g a.i. per tree) were done. The selected shoots of mango were pruned and sprayed with 2% urea during last week of May. Application of 200 ppm 6-BA recorded significantly lower (17.29%) physiological loss in weight whereas, higher physiological loss (25.82%) in weight was observed in T7 (Unpruned + 2% Urea) compared to control (24.38%). The moisture content was significantly higher in fruits harvested from trees treated with 4% KNO3 (T5) with 82.03% moisture content which was on par with T3 - 4% CaNO3 (81.59%), T4 - 6% CaNO3 (81. 84%), T7 - Unpruned + 2% Urea (81.27%) and T8 - Moderate pruning (10 cm) + 2% Urea (81.28%). The study revealed that200 ppm 6-BA was effective for physiological loss in weight and 4% KNO3 for better moisture content during ripening of mango Cv. Kesar.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a biologically and economically important fruit crop in Vietnam. However, the authentication of various cultivars and accessions of Mangifera indica L. has still been limited. In this study, 10 Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) molecular markers and four DNA barcodes (ITS, ycf1b, trnH-psbA, and atpF-atpH) were used to distinguish 30 accessions of three mango cultivars (Chau Nghe, Hoa Loc, and Cat Chu). DNA was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ycf1b, trnH-psbA, and atpF-atpH regions were amplified and sequenced for alignment analysis. Based on ISSR data, 76 bands were generated, with the percentage of polymorphism equal to 61.84%. The phylogenetic tree constructed from ISSR data showed significant genetic variation between Chau Nghe and the other mango cultivars. In terms of barcoding assessment, nuclear region ITS and plastid gene ycf1b only discriminated between mango cultivars while two remaining plastid locus could be used for authentication of the difference of mango accessions. The barcoding results also confirmed close genetic relatedness between Mekong Delta mango cultivars and other species of the Mangifera genus from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. These findings provide new insights into mango cultivar identification, classification, breeding, and conservation.

Physicochemical, antioxidant, and sensory properties of functional mango (Mangifera indica L.) leather fermented by lactic acid bacteria

The relationship between the plasticity of different mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties to soil water stress conditions needs a better understanding as a potential crop adaptation to changing climate. This study was investigated the effects of different water regimes on growth and development of different mango varieties. Measurements of mango plants' morphological and physiological variables during the progressive imposition of soil water stress were performed within a controlled environment. Eight mango varieties were grown under water stress treatments of 90%, 65% and 35% of field capacity (FC) on split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on shoot height and diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, temperature and water potential were collected fortnightly, for nine months and means computed to reflect varietal response under increasing water stress (90% FC to 35% FC level). Results showed significant (p=0.001) reduction in shoot height by 32.1% and shoot diameter by 29.05%. A significant (p=0.05) reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and leafwater potential by 13.5% and 90% respectively was observed, while leaf temperature significantly (p=0.05) increased by 20.8%. From the results; Keitt, Sabine, Tommy Atkins and VanDyke showed better performance in shoot growth and leaf parameters under high water stress. For all varieties, high water stress significantly suppressed shoot growth, leaf chlorophyll content production and increased leaf temperature and leaf water potential. None of the varieties showed optimal phenotypic plasticity on both leaf growth and physiological parameters under highest soil water stress. We emphasize the considerable need of investigating, over a period of at least five years, the effect of water stress on mango yield in the farms located in mango-growing areas.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of post harvest spray of different concentrations (100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) of ethrel (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) on ripening and colour development in ‘Dashehari’ mango fruits harvested in second week of June, 2015. The treated fruits were assessed for physico-chemical parameters such as physiological loss in weight (%), firmness (Kg/cm2), TSS (°Brix), titrable acidity (%), total carotenoids (mg/100g) and peel chlorophyll (mg/100g) and observations were recorded at 2 days interval during 8 days storage at ambient temperature. Changes in total soluble solids (8.5 to 23.23° Brix), total carotenoids (0.807 to 7.12 mg/100g) and PLW (14.58%) showed increasing trends up to 8 days during storage whereas fruit firmness (8.5 to 0.68 Kg/cm2), titrable acidity (1.26 to 0.08%) and total peel chlorophyll (5.2 to 0.14 mg/100g) showed decreasing trends. At the end of the storage period for 8 days, Ethrel spray at 600 ppm induced uniform ripening with attractive yellow colour within 4 days while untreated control fruits failed to ripen uniformly and remain light green even after 8 days of storage. Ripening advances by 4 days in fruits sprayed with 600 ppm ethrel com-pared to unsprayed control fruits.

Comparative study on the quality characteristics of some Egyptian mango cultivars used for food processing

Aim: The objective of the study was to investigate the correlation and linear regression between the physical and biochemical characteristics of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Umran, which have been influenced by post-harvest treatments during storage under ordinary room conditions. Place and Duration: The experiment was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan from February 2019-20. Methodology: Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) and gibberellic acid (GA3) (20, 40 and 60 ppm) were used to treat the fruits after harvesting. The treated fruits were then stored under normal or ambient room conditions. In present study evaluated physical attributes, such as physiological weight loss, decay loss, marketability, pulp content and biochemical parameters i.e., total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content and total sugars content. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and simple linear regression were used to calculate the relationship between fruit weight and various physico-chemical attributes. Results: The correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the weight of fruit and quality attributes, including marketability (r = 0.953), pulp content (r = 0.847), total soluble solids (r = 0.931), titratable acidity (r = 0.961), ascorbic acid (r = 0.984), and total sugars (r = 0.961) at 9th day after storage. Whereas, a significant negative correlation was found between the weight of the fruit and physiological loss in weight (r = -0.943) and decay loss (r = -0.953). Linear regression models provided more support for these correlations, showing that variations in fruit weight accounted for a significant proportion of the variability in the assessed quality parameters. The coefficients of determination (r²) ranged from 0.718 to 0.968. Conclusion: The robust correlations and regression models inform evidence-based storage techniques and reducing fruit quality losses during ambient storage.

The study was carried out on 72 mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars and 107 mango F1 hybrids to group them based on degree of resistance to malformation during the period 2015-17. Intensity of malformation varied significantly among the mango cultivars and F1 hybrids under study. Out of 72 mango cultivars and 107 F1 hybrids studied, only three cultivars namely Bhadauran, Ilaichi and Arka Nilanchal were found to be completely free from the mango malformation disease (0%) and were categorised as resistant. Minimum disease incidence (<10%) was recorded in 11 mango cultivars, one mango species and in eight mango F1 hybrids, viz. H-2-6, H-2-14, H-3-6, H-4- 10, H-5-14, H-8-4, H-8-2. and H-8-11 and were categorized as tolerant. Twelve mango cultivars and 21 mango F1 hybrids were moderately susceptible (10-20%), while another 27 cultivars and 43 F1 hybrids were susceptible (20- 50%). The highest incidence of floral malformation intensity was recorded in 13 cultivars and 32 F1 hybrids which were categorized as highly susceptible (>50%) to mango malformation. The resistant and tolerant cultivars and F1 hybrids observed in the current study can be used as parents in future breeding programmes for developing a variety resistant to mango malformation.

Analyze the effect of post-harvest degreening on quality parameters of Acid lime cv. Balaji. The present research was conducted at Post harvest laboratory of College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during the year 2018-2019. Experiment was designated with two factorial completely randomized design with two factors viz., (A) Ethylene concentrations, (B) Number of pulsings were taken for test and executed with the objective: Effect of post-harvest degreening on quality parameters of Acid lime cv. Balaji. The Acid lime cv. Balaji fruits were harvested and subjected to degreening treatments for one day. The treated Acid lime fruits were stored for sixteen days at ambient conditions. Acid lime fruits picked randomly from treated lot and evaluated for Physiological loss in weight %, Peel thickness mm, Fruit firmness Kg/cm2, Total soluble solids °Bx, Titratable acidity %, Ascorbic acid mg/100 g, Juice recovery % at four days interval by adopting the respective methods. Among all the quality parameters there were gradual increase in Total soluble solids (TSS), Juice recovery, Physiological loss in weight (PLW) and there were decreased trend in Titratable acidity, Peel thickness, Fruit firmness and Ascorbic acid content. Ethylene @ 15 ppm proved the better results for the above parameters. Among different number of pulsings, 1 pulsing in 24 hours @ 24 hrs interval and 2 pulsings in 24 hr @ 12 hrs interval was best.

Kerala, the Indian state has the distinction of producing the earliest mangoes in the country, in February and the season extends up to May, coinciding with South West monsoon. Mango cultivar ‘Neelum’, the last commercial variety to attain maturity in the State is hampered by the incidence of fruit fly and anthracnose disease. An attempt was made during 2019-20 to extend the availability of the fruits of this cultivar by giving a surface coating with ‘Nipro Fresh’ wax containing the fungicide, Carbendazim, followed by shrink-wrap packaging in trays made of areca nut leaf sheath, before sanitizing with chlorine (100 ppm) and alum solution (1%). Surface coating with ‘Nipro Fresh’, followed by shrink-wrap packaging of trays containing mangoes, and their subsequent storage in cool chamber at 12-13 °C and 85-90 % relative humidity, extended the shelf life by 54 days, compared to the uncoated and unwrapped samples which had a shelf life of 9 days under ambient conditions. Respiration rate, physiological loss in weight, total soluble solids and carotenoids showed a steady rise while titratable acidity, total phenols and ascorbic acid recorded a declining trend.

Mango is a highly preferred seasonal tropical fruit with a maximum shelf-life of five to seven days. Hexanal is a plant volatile compound assayed in green tissues and showing significance in enhancing storage life and fruit quality attributes by preserving membrane integrity. This experiment explored the effect of the pre-harvest application of an aqueous hexanal composition (active ingredient: 0.02% hexanal) in altering the post-harvest storage behavior of four mango cultivars. The pre-harvest application of the hexanal formulation to the fruit surface twice before the harvest date drastically slowed down the physiological loss in weight by 70% to 80%, and reduced the ethylene evolution rate by two to three folds, respectively. The pre-harvest hexanal formulation spray combined with post-harvest cold storage prominently improved the storage life along with the total soluble solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid and carotenoid content compared to untreated fruits stored in ambient conditions. Though ripening coincides with the increased activity of enzymes, the hexanal formulation spray acts predominantly in bringing down the activities of fruit softening enzymes viz. pectinmethlyesterase (43%) and polygalacturonases (37%), and antioxidant enzymes viz. peroxidase (67%) and catalase (45%), respectively.