Abstract
As coffee consumption is on the rise, and the global coffee production creates an excess of 23 million tons of waste per year, a revolutionary transition towards a circular economy via the transformation and valorization of the main by-products from its cultivation and preparation (Coffee Husk (CH), Coffee Pulp (CP), Coffee Silverskin (CS), and Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG)) is inspiring researchers around the world. The recent growth of scholarly publications in the field and the emerging applications of coffee by-products published in these scientific papers encourages a systematic review to identify the knowledge structure, research hotspots, and to discuss the challenges and future directions. This paper displays a comprehensive scientometric analysis based on 108 articles with a high level of influence in the field of coffee by-products and their applications. According to our analysis, the research in this field shows an explosive growth since 2017, clustered in five core applications: bioactive compounds, microbial transformation, environmental applications, biofuels from thermochemical processes, and construction materials.
Highlights
Coffee has become one of the most popular beverages [1], with a world coffee consumption of 166,346 thousand 60 Kg bags (~10 million tons) in the coffee year 2020/2021 (20 October to 21 September) [1]
Moreau et al proposed the use of fresh and ensiled coffee pulp (CP) to feed Nile tilapia due to the high protein and energy content that could be used by the fish; this study demonstrated that neither of those options were suitable to feed the fish and, on the contrary, that CP caused a reduction in feed utilization and compromised fish growth [69].This perplexing result could be attributed to the high content of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, which do not normally occur in the natural feed sources of the fish
This paper identifies the main applications of coffee by-products through a literat review using scientometric techniques
Summary
Coffee has become one of the most popular beverages [1], with a world coffee consumption of 166,346 thousand 60 Kg bags (~10 million tons) in the coffee year 2020/2021 (20 October to 21 September) [1]. World coffee exports amounted to 10.07 million bags in the same coffee year, from which 32.7% were supplied by Brazil, 19.3% by Vietnam, and 9.9% by Colombia, as the top three exporting countries This industry has a current world trade of USD 30.9 B, while 59.8% was imported to the European Union (mainly Germany, which exported 28.3% of the total from the EU, Italy, and France), 28% to the United States of America, and 5.6% to Japan [2]. With such consumption rates worldwide, rising awareness about the environmental impact of residues from the coffee industry is evidenced by several scientific studies dedicated to the valorization routes of coffee by-products within the circular economy paradigm [3]. CH is obtained through the dry or semi-dry method (unwashed) and comprises all the pericarp layers, while CP is generated by the wet method (washed) and contains the mucilage and the skin of the cherry
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